【正文】 l increase the likelihood that a firm in the industry will voluntarily restate its earnings. ? Hypothesis 1B (H1B)： Industry size leaders that voluntarily restated will increase the likelihood that a firm in the industry will voluntarily restate its earnings. ? Hypothesis 1C (H1C)： The greater the number of previous voluntary restaters in the industry, the greater the likelihood that a firm in the industry will voluntarily restate its earnings. ? Hypothesis 1D (H1D)： Network members that voluntarily restated will increase the likelihood that a firm in the work will voluntarily restate its earnings. The Effects of Social and Regulatory Forces on the Voluntary Restatement of Earnings 假 設(shè) 二 ? Hypothesis 2 (H2)： The greater the number of previous forced restaters in the industry, the lower the likelihood that a firm in the industry will voluntarily restate its earnings. The Effects of Social and Regulatory Forces on the Voluntary Restatement of Earnings 假 設(shè) 三： ? Hypothesis 3A (H3A)： The strength of the positive relationship between informal forces and the likelihood of a firm’s voluntarily restating its earnings will decrease with the firm’s status. ? Hypothesis 3B (H3B)： The strength of the negative relationship between formal forces and the likelihood of a firm’s voluntarily restating its earnings will increase with the firm’s status. The Effects of Social and Regulatory Forces on the Voluntary Restatement of Earnings 三、研究方法及分析模型 ? 數(shù)據(jù)來源 ? 變量分析：因變量、自變量、控制變量 ? 測驗(yàn)分析：測驗(yàn)?zāi)Ｐ?、測驗(yàn)結(jié)果、信度檢驗(yàn) The Effects of Social and Regulatory Forces on the Voluntary Restatement of Earnings （一）數(shù)據(jù)來源 — 公司樣本 ? 公司樣本來源： Execup database Execup數(shù)據(jù)庫的數(shù)據(jù)來源于公司的年度財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表、股東簽署的委托書、美國證券交易委員會(huì) (SEC)10K報(bào)告（ $年度報(bào)告），可查詢到美國公司高階主管薪資資料及產(chǎn)業(yè)資訊，包括了至今為止納入 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾 1500指數(shù) 的 2532家公司資訊。 ? 公司樣本情況： 本研究采用樣本中公司的資產(chǎn)價(jià)值幅度為 ~1050億（美元），中位數(shù)為 。 ? 樣本分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)： 100個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)產(chǎn)業(yè)分類代碼 fourdigit SIC codes：由 4位數(shù)字組成， 前兩位數(shù)字是識(shí)別主要行業(yè)， 第三位數(shù)字確定產(chǎn)業(yè)類別，第四位表示具體產(chǎn)業(yè)。（ SIC — Standard Industrial Classification） The Effects of Social and Regulatory Forces on the Voluntary Restatement of Earnings 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾 1500指數(shù) ? 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾指數(shù)： 由美國最大的證券研究機(jī)構(gòu)即 標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 普爾公司 編制的股票價(jià)格指數(shù)。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾（ Samp。P）作為金融投資界的公認(rèn)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，提供被廣泛認(rèn)可的信用評(píng)級(jí)、獨(dú)立分析研究、投資咨詢等服務(wù)，其中標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾 1200指數(shù)和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾 500指數(shù)已經(jīng)分別成為全球股市表現(xiàn)和美國投資組合指數(shù)的基準(zhǔn)。 ? 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾 1500指數(shù)： 由標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾 500指數(shù)、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾中型股400和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普爾小型股 600構(gòu)成。 2022年，該指數(shù)代表了大約90%家美國公司總市值，其中公司市值變化幅度為 4000萬美元~3820億美元，中位數(shù)為 。 ? 市值： 公司資產(chǎn)的市場價(jià)值，即公司現(xiàn)有股份數(shù)額乘以每股市場價(jià)值。如某公司發(fā)行股票 1億股，每股的市場價(jià)值為 15元，公司的總市值為 15億元。市值是投資者選擇投資品種的一個(gè)重要指標(biāo)，市場上的股票根據(jù)市值規(guī)模分為大盤、中盤、小盤等。 The Effects of Social and Regulatory Forces on the Voluntary Restatement of Earnings （一）數(shù)據(jù)來源 — 公司樣本 ? 注意： The sample contains only publicly traded firms. ? 理由： Given that several studies have shown that smaller firms are more likely to restate their earnings than larger firms, the use of the Samp。P 1,500 should make for a more conservative sample for testing the hypotheses in this study. The Effects of Social and Regulatory Forces on the Voluntary Restatement of Earnings （一）數(shù)據(jù)來源 — 重述清單 ? 樣本來源： The 2022 . GAO report Financial Statement Restatements： Trends,Market Impacts, Regulatory Responses, and Remaining ? 樣本特征： Only containing Restatements prompted by wrongdoing ? 樣本統(tǒng)計(jì)： Samp。P1500 and available through Execup (385篇） GAO report （ 845篇） voluntary restaters （ 170篇） Forced restaters （ 215篇） The Effects of Social and Regulatory Forces on the Voluntary Restatement of Earnings 樣本內(nèi)部 T檢驗(yàn) ? Differences between those firms labeled as voluntary restaters and the foeced restaters. 比較因素 t p Firm size （ assets) p number of employees ? p firm performance ? p leverage ? p overall firm health p There’s no significant differences between those firms labeled as voluntary restaters and the foeced restaters. The Effects of Social and Regulatory Forces on the Voluntary Restatement of Earnings 樣本實(shí)際調(diào)查 ? 方法： Simulating the GAO search and classification process ? 過程： Investigating each pany to det