《e氣體動理論》ppt課件-文庫吧
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【正文】 B A The state that macroscopic characteristics do not change with time without external action (influence) ? thermodynamical equilibrium – 熱動平衡 無外界影響時宏觀性質(zhì)不隨時間變化的狀態(tài) (1) Equilibrium state 平衡狀態(tài) (2) State parameters 狀態(tài)參量 V P T Volume 體積 V Temperature 溫度 T Pressure 壓強 P 2 Equation of state of ideal gas 理想氣體狀態(tài)方程 ? Boyle’s law: For a given sample of gas at a fixed temperature, the product of the pressure P and the volume V is constant: PV =constant ? GayLussac’s law: The volume of a given amount of any gas is proportional to the absolute temperature when the pressure is held constant ： V/T=constant ? Charles’s law: The pressure is proportional to the absolute temperature when the volume is held constant ： P/T=constant Equilibrium state 平衡狀態(tài) F(V P T)=0 RTVpM MT VpC m o lm o l????0,00000110,00 KJ m o ????TVpR m o lm o lMM??? Any object in thermaldynamicaal equilibrium are at the same temperature ? Thermodynamic scale: Kelvin scale T = +t℃ ? The zeroth law of thermodynamics: If objects A and B are each in thermal equilibrium with an object C, then they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. Molar gas constant RTpV ??222111TVpTVp ? CTpV ?=constant Appendix: 33 ????pRTVm o lExample: Calculate the density of oxygen at STP (standard temperature and pressure). The molecular mass of oxygen is 32g, and it closely obeys the ideal gas equation of state under this condition. 7 3?TRTpV ?Solution: Consider a quantity of 1 mol of oxygen that has a mass of 32g and contains 1023 molecules. Pa100 1 t m1 5???pTo calculate the density: 3kg ???m o lm o lVM?1 The molecular model of ideal gas microscopic definition 理想氣體的分子模型 微觀定義 167。 2 Pressure formula for ideal gas (1) The self size of molecules is far smaller than the average distance between molecules, being neglect 分子本身的線度遠小于分子平均間距 ,可忽略不計 (2) The interactions between molecules and the wall of container are neglected except the instant of collisions 除碰撞瞬間，忽略分子之間、分子與器壁之間的相互作用。 (3) The collisions between molecules and the wall of container are perfect elastic collisions 分子之間、分子與器壁之間的碰撞是完全彈性 2 The dominant idea 主導思想 (1) Idea: 觀點 Macroscopically 宏觀 Force per unit area SFp ?Microscopically 微觀 The constant, rapid drumbeat of molecules bouncing off the wall of the container exerts a steady average force on the wall (2) Method 方法 : (3) Result 結(jié)果 : knp ?32?The average kiic energy of a single molecule 一個分子的平均平動動能 :k?n: Number density of molecules 分子數(shù)密度 Statistical method 統(tǒng)計方法 kTk 23??3 The derivation of pressure formula壓強公式的推導 xyz1L2L
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