【正文】 督理論、監(jiān)督實(shí)踐之間的關(guān)系。 監(jiān)督思想是人們?cè)诒O(jiān)督實(shí)踐中，通過對(duì)監(jiān)督活動(dòng)的觀察和思維而產(chǎn)生的有關(guān)監(jiān)督活動(dòng)的主張與觀點(diǎn) a(3分 ) 監(jiān)督理論是監(jiān)督思想不斷完善的結(jié)果，是相關(guān)主張與觀點(diǎn)經(jīng)過長期聯(lián)系實(shí)際的論證、推 理、演繹、歸納之后所形成的對(duì)監(jiān)督活動(dòng)的基本解釋和系統(tǒng)化的原理，可以用來解釋并指導(dǎo)監(jiān)督實(shí)踐。 (3分 ) 自從人類進(jìn)入階級(jí)社會(huì)，建立國家，行使具有 強(qiáng)制力的權(quán)力開始；就產(chǎn)生了監(jiān)督。人類不同的發(fā)展階段基于不同的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)、政治制度以及社會(huì)文化等因素，形成了不同的監(jiān)督思想，建立了不同的監(jiān)督理論。這些監(jiān)督思想與理論從不同的角度對(duì)監(jiān)督職能、目標(biāo)與機(jī)制等方面做出了具體論述，對(duì)監(jiān)督實(shí)踐產(chǎn)生了重要的影響。 (4 分 ) 2．簡述中國古代監(jiān)察制度的特點(diǎn)。 (1)中國古代監(jiān)察官員品秩較低，但權(quán)力顯赫，地位尊崇。 (2分 ) (2)強(qiáng)有力的手段是監(jiān)察職權(quán)充分發(fā)揮的重要保障。 (2 分 ) (3)監(jiān)察機(jī)關(guān)垂直領(lǐng)導(dǎo)體制為監(jiān)察職權(quán)的發(fā)揮減少了障礙。 (2分 ) (4)中國古代 的監(jiān)察職權(quán)缺少法律的有效保障，最后決定權(quán)在于皇帝。 (2 分 ) (5)既嚴(yán)厲處罰誣告又允許根據(jù)傳聞進(jìn)行彈劾。 (1 分 ) (6)監(jiān)察權(quán)和行政權(quán)的混淆影響了監(jiān)察效率。 (1分 ) 3．簡述《各級(jí)人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì)監(jiān)督法》的立法創(chuàng)新。 (1)進(jìn)一步明確和細(xì)化了人大常委會(huì)監(jiān)督的主體、對(duì)象、內(nèi)容、范圍和形式。 (2)創(chuàng)設(shè)了各級(jí)人大聽取和審議專項(xiàng)工作報(bào)告制度。 (2 分 ) (3)確立了各級(jí)人大審查和撤銷下級(jí)人大及同級(jí)政府的決議、決定和命令的監(jiān)督制度。 (4)建立了全國人大對(duì)兩院司法解釋的違法 審查機(jī)制。 (2分 ) (5)首次明確人大行使監(jiān)督權(quán)的公開原則。 (2 分 ) 五、論述題 (每小題 20分，共 40分 ) 1．試述領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部任職回避、交流和職務(wù)任期制度。 (1)黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部任職回避制度。黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部任職回避制度是指為保證黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部公正廉潔地履行職責(zé)，防止利用職權(quán)為自己或親屬謀求利益，而對(duì)其所任職務(wù)、執(zhí)行公務(wù)和任職地區(qū)等方面作出限制性規(guī)定，減少因親屬關(guān)系等人為因素干擾工作的制度。黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部任職回避的情形主要有兩種：一是親屬回避。二是地域回避。 (7 分 ) (2)完善黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部交流制度。黨政 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部交流制度，是指黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)機(jī)關(guān)根據(jù)工作需要，變換黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部工作崗位的制度。交流的對(duì)象主要是以下幾種：一是需要通過交流豐富領(lǐng)導(dǎo)經(jīng)驗(yàn)、提高領(lǐng)導(dǎo)水平的。二是在一個(gè)專業(yè)好文檔 地方或部門工作時(shí)間較長的。三是按照有關(guān)規(guī)定需要回避的。四是因工作需要、改善領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子結(jié)構(gòu)、發(fā)揮干部特長及其他原因需要交流的。 (3)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部職務(wù)任期制。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部職務(wù)任期制，是指規(guī)定干部在領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職位的任職屆 (期 )數(shù)和任職年限，任職期滿后必須退出現(xiàn)崗位、轉(zhuǎn)任其他職務(wù)或免去現(xiàn)任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)職務(wù)的制度。 2．試述人大監(jiān)督的基本原則。 2審判機(jī)關(guān)的審判監(jiān)督是 指人民法院通過行使審判權(quán)，在個(gè)案中對(duì)其他國家機(jī)關(guān)及其工作人員是否依法行使職權(quán)進(jìn)行的監(jiān)督以及上級(jí)人民法院對(duì)下級(jí)人民法院審判工作的監(jiān)督。審判監(jiān)督的法律依據(jù)是《憲法》、《人民法院組織法》、《行政訴訟法》等法律的看關(guān)規(guī)定。 (5分 ) 審判機(jī)關(guān)的監(jiān)督主要包括刑事審判監(jiān)督和行政審判監(jiān)督。另外，還包括法院的內(nèi)部監(jiān)督，其中主要是審級(jí)監(jiān)督制度。 (3分 ) 、 審判監(jiān)督的主要特征是： (1)審判機(jī)關(guān) —— 人民法院依照法律規(guī)定獨(dú)立行使審判權(quán)，不受行政機(jī)關(guān)、社會(huì)團(tuán)體和個(gè)人的干涉。 (4分 ) (2)最高 人民法院監(jiān)督地方各級(jí)人民法院和專門人民法院的審判工作，上級(jí)人民法院監(jiān)督下級(jí)人民法院的審判工作。 (4分 ) (3)除法院自身的監(jiān)督外，法院主要通過刑事案件與行政訴訟案件的審理對(duì)行政機(jī)關(guān)進(jìn)行監(jiān)督。 (分 )請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩ _∩ )O 謝謝?。?！ 2021 年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Basketball can make a true claim to being the only major sport that is an American invention. From high school to the professional level, basketball attracts a large following for live games as well as television coverage of events like the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) annual tournament and the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Women39。s National Basketball Association (WNBA) playoffs. And it has also made American heroes out of its player and coach legends like Michael Jordan, Larry Bird, Earvin Magic Johnson, Sheryl Swoopes, and other great players. At the heart of the game is the playing space and the equipment. The space is a rectangular, indoor court. The principal pieces of equipment are the two elevated baskets, one at each end (in the long direction) of the court, and the basketball itself. The ball is spherical in shape and is inflated. Basketballs range in size from in (7276 cm) in circumference, and in weight from 1822 oz (510624 g). For players below the high school level, a smaller ball is used, but the ball in men39。s games measures in (7576 cm) in circumference, and a women39。s ball is in (7274 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, position, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the ball39。s bounce. Inside the covering or casing, a rubber bladder holds air. The ball must be inflated to a pressure sufficient to make it rebound to a height (measured to the top of the ball) of 4954 in ( m) when it is dropped on a solid wooden floor from a starting height of 6 ft ( m) measured from the bottom of the ball. The factory must test the balls, and the air pressure that makes the ball legal in keeping with the bounce test is stamped on the ball. During the intensity of high school and college tourneys and the professional playoffs, this inflated sphere mands considerable attention. Basketball is one of few sports with a known date of birth. On December 1, 1891, in Springfield, Massachusetts, James Naismith hung two halfbushel peach baskets at the opposite ends of a gymnasium and outlined 13 rules based on five principles to his students at the International Training School of the Young Men39。s Christian Association (YMCA), which later became Springfield College. Naismith (18611939) was a physical education teacher who was seeking a team sport with limited physical contact but a lot of running, jumping, shooting, and the handeye coordination required in handling a ball. The peach baskets he hung as goals gave the sport the name of basketball. His students were excited about the game, and Christmas vacation gave them the chance to tell their friends and people at their local YMCAs about the game. The association leaders wrote to Naismith asking for copies of the rules, and they were published in the Triangle, the school newspaper, on January 15,1892. Naismith39。s five basic principles center on the ball, which was described as la