【正文】 研究組織，他們正面臨巨大預(yù)算縮減，于是大力尋找財源 國外種子公司的子公司，他們希望保護(hù) PBR從而保護(hù)他們的育種生產(chǎn)線和新品種，從而打入拉美市場 國外政府，他們希望全面加強(qiáng)在拉美的知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)。 在哥倫比亞和墨西哥，國外政治勢力賣力。比如墨西哥，要加入北美自由貿(mào)易體系就必須先引入 PBR。反對聲音主要來自公共領(lǐng)域的研究者和一些與小農(nóng)一起奮斗的非政府組織，但總的來說反對者勢單力薄。在大多數(shù)國家中愚氓大眾并未被告知有關(guān)在種業(yè)領(lǐng)域?qū)嵭兄R產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)的計劃機(jī)器潛在影響。 輸家和贏家 PBR 在拉美的實(shí)行時間還太短以至于不足以得出深刻的結(jié)論，無法了解 PBR在這些國家未來究竟會如何。然而還是有一些暗示信號，顯示我們可以如何找到在 PBR 保護(hù)之下的贏家和輸家。首先，種業(yè)行業(yè)本身應(yīng)當(dāng)躋身贏家之列。 PBR 保護(hù)使種業(yè)公司控制其新品種的衍生并又獲得額外收益。至于這是否刺激他們更多地投資種業(yè)目前尚未可知。許多其他宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)因素將發(fā)揮舉足輕重的作用。種業(yè)全行業(yè)總體上的盈利提升會促使更多的私人進(jìn)入該領(lǐng)域。那些有條件在公開的國際研究中心得到胚質(zhì)的育種著獲利最多，因?yàn)樗麄兯度氲呐cPBR 相對無關(guān)，但是其產(chǎn)出卻受到保護(hù)。根據(jù)阿根廷經(jīng)的情況，跨國公司未必比本地公司在 PBR 保護(hù)下賺得多。然 而打著知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的旗號方便人們動不動打官司來解決問題。本地公司和大型的跨國公司對簿公堂的時候顯然后者占便宜。保護(hù)知識產(chǎn)權(quán)能力的大小實(shí)際上成為權(quán)力擁有者財力大小的反映。 其次，出口作物的培育者，比如鮮花和水果，可能最初是從 PBR 中獲利的，因?yàn)橛袡C(jī)會得到國外的新品種。但是這些好處有可能被育種者向拉美牌照持有者提出的的限制條款所抵消，因?yàn)橛糜诔隹诘幕ü麑τ诔隹谑袌龅纳a(chǎn)來說是個打壓。培育者能不能占便宜取決于他們能不能和出口市場的牌照持有者好好合作。 再次，公共機(jī)構(gòu)可以從大公司的專利費(fèi)中占一點(diǎn)便宜，因?yàn)楹笳邔⑻峁┕?機(jī)構(gòu)急需的資金來幫忙查看是否有違法行為。獲取傳統(tǒng)的公共胚質(zhì)的經(jīng)費(fèi)被嚴(yán)格限制。其影響對公共和私人育種者的影響尚未可知。 最后，可能是農(nóng)民最終為 PBR 買單，盡管并非必要。 PBR 會使得種子更貴，因?yàn)?PBR主要就是打擊非官方的種子流通交易。這樣會逼著農(nóng)民每年在自己的田里省下更多的種子，而這種行為目前在拉美還是為法律允許的。在引入 PBR 之后，原本的留存種子的權(quán)利變成非法行為，被視為特權(quán)，這種留存種子的行為最終要留待行政力量裁決，并且還是會遭到限制。公共機(jī)構(gòu)研究方向的轉(zhuǎn)變一樣會影響到農(nóng)民。這些機(jī)構(gòu)在某些作物上遵循商業(yè)慣 例來辦事僅僅是為了維護(hù)非商用作為的育種能力呢？還是說他們經(jīng)費(fèi)上的縮減導(dǎo)致他們對商業(yè)上不具吸引力的作物失去興趣？ 附件 2：外文原文 一 Progress of plant variety protection based on the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV Convention) The adoption of the UPOV Convention and its revisions in 1972, 1978 and 1991 The ?rst sentence of the preamble to the International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants, signed in Paris on December 2, 1961, reads ‘‘Convinced of the importance attaching to the protection of new varieties of plants, not only for the development of agriculture in their territory, but also for safeguarding the interests of breeders, . . .’’. Plant breeders have indeed contributed a great deal to the development of agriculture. In France, for example, the average wheat yield has jumped from metric tons in 1910 to 7 tons per hectare in 2021. In the United States of America (USA), maize yield has grown from metric tons per hectare in 1940 to tons per hectare in 2021。 in South Africa, the average maize yield has grown from 1 ton per hectare in 1950 to tons per hectare in 2021 and in wheat from tons per hectare in 1950 to tons per hectare in It is generally recognized that 30–60% of that increase, according to the crop and the location, is due to geic improvement, . After extensive preparatory work at the initiative of the French Government, a Diplomatic Conference ?nished its work on December 2, 1961, with the adoption and signature of the UPOV Convention. The following thirteen European States participated: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom, together with the European Economic Community (EEC), the United International Bureau for the Protection of Industrial, Literary and Artistic Property (BIRPI), which later became the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the following four nongovernmental anizations: ? International Association of Plant Breeders for the Protection of Plants Varieties (ASSINSEL). ? International Association for the Protection of Industrial Property (AIPPI). ? International Community of Breeders of Asexually Reproduced Ornamental Varieties (CIOPORA), which later became the International Community of Breeders of Asexually Reproduced Fruit Tree and Ornamental Varieties (CIOPORA). ? International Federation of Seed Trade (FIS). The UPOV Convention was signed by plenipotentiaries from Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and The Netherlands and, during the following year when it remained open for signature, it was also signed by Denmark, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In recognition of the fact that new varieties of plants are a powerful tool to enhance agricultural and overall economic development, the States party to the UPOV Convention wished to provide incentives for sustainable plant breeding. Their aim was to guarantee the moral and material rights of breeders in respect of their varieties, in accordance with clearly de?ned and internationally harmonized principles. Under the UPOV Convention, in order to obtain protection of a new variety, it is required to ful?ll the following three technical criteria: ? It must be clearly distinguishable from existing varieties. ? It must be sufficiently uniform. ? It must be stable in its essential characteristics after repeated reproduction or propagation. Furthermore, it must have a suitable denomination.‘‘Protection’’ means that any mercialization of propagating material of the variety is subject to the breeders authorization. The UPOV Convention entered into effect on August 10, 1968, when the ?rst three instruments of rati?cation