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Editor and nonpreferred referees. ? To categorize the manuscript into one of the four following groups: Clinical Alimentary Tract, Clinical Liver/Pancreas/Biliary, Basic Alimentary Tract, or Basic Liver/Pancreas/Biliary. Writing the manuscript Arrange manuscript as follows, each ponent beginning on a separate page: (1) title page, (2) abstract, (3) introduction, (4) materials and methods, (5) results, (6) discussion, (7) references, (8) figure legends, (9) tables. Place page number and first author39。s last name at top of each page. Title Page ? Title— Include animal species. Use no abbreviations. Limit: 120 characters. ? Short Title— is an abbreviated version of the title, which will appear at the top of every page. Limit: 45 characters. ? Authors and full location of department and institution. ? Grant Support— List grant support and other assistance. ? Abbreviations— List alphabetically abbreviations not mentioned in the Style Guide, which follows the Instructions to Authors. ? Correspondence. ? Keywords: Include three to five words or short phrases, relevant to the article, that do not appear in the title or running head. Abstract It is usually written last because that is when a global view of the work can be achieved. It contains a brief, prehensive summary of the contents of the manuscript to enable readers to survey the article rapidly. The best abstracts correctly reflect the purpose and scope of the manuscript, including what was done, why and how, what the results were, and what the implications of the findings are. Abstract Am. J. Physiol. An oneparagraph abstract of not more than 170 words. It must state concisely what was done and why (including species and state of anesthesia), what was found (in terms of data, if space allows), and what was concluded. Three key words for use in the reviewing process should be provided. Summary Journal of Physiology. The Summary consists of one unnumbered paragraph. It should give the background, objectives and methodological approach. Results should be presented quantitatively where appropriate, together with the statistical significance, and the conclusions indicated. References may not be cited. A limit of 250 words is remended. It must not exceed 5 % of the text (excluding references and figure legends), with an absolute maximum of one printed page. Abstr