全球化妝品行業(yè)的探索性分析：主要的競爭品牌技術(shù)和市場的發(fā)展趨勢畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯-文庫吧
2025-04-17 16:14 本頁面
【正文】 areness of pollution and related issues. In 1990, Find/SVP (a New York survey group) estimated that million US households were environmentally interested shoppers. These consumers, called ‘Green consumers,’ accounted for about 20% of the US population and their number was expected to increase. In a report on Green consumers, Find/SVP cited three main concerns: animal rights and species preservation, availability of clean air and water, and waste management. One of the most controversial environmental matters facing the fragrance industry was pressure to reduce its use of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs). The most popularly used VOC was ethyl alcohol, which functioned as a solvent. The industry claimed that water was not a good substitute for ethyl alcohol because many fragrance ingredients were not watersoluble. Ingredients designed to help materials dissolve in water affected product texture and also presented possible safety concerns. Propellants 外文資料翻譯 — 英文原文 3 and many other ingredients used within the industry were also VOCs. VOCs were blamed for contributing to groundlevel ozone. In California, VOC emissions from colognes, perfumes, toilet water, aftershaves, and body splashes were estimated at almost 1700 pounds per day. Consequently, in the early 1990s, California proposed limits on VOC usage in fragrances (Donegan, 2020). New York and other states were expected to follow (Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plan, 2020). In California, regulations took effect January 1, 1995, In addition to planned pliance with VOC regulations, many fragrance and cosmetic panies brought ‘green’ products to the market place. Estee Lauder introduced its Origins Natural Resources (Origin Natural Resources, 2020) line of skin care, body products, aromatherapy, and make up. The line was promoted as natural and nonanimal tested. Items were sold in recyclable containers. Revlon brought out New Age Naturals, skin care products made of all degradable ingredients, and Pure Skin Care, a line of products developed without animal testing (Cosmetic Testing, 2020). Revlon was one of the first large panies to fund research for alternatives with a $750,000 contribution to the Rockefeller University in 1979. While animal testing is still very much in existence at large corporations such as Procter amp。 Gamble and Lever Brothers, there are now several hundred ‘cruelty free’ consumer product panies. Mary Kay Cosmetics’ Countryside Colors line emphasized its use of recyclable packaging made from recycled materials. Mary Kay also eliminated most external packaging on men’s skin care products. As some panies eliminated, reduced, or redesigned outer packaging to emphasize their concern about waste disposal problems, others, particularly fragrance manufacturers, expressed concern about the trend because packaging contributed to their image. 6. Economic impact In addition to the social and political concerns surrounding animal testing, environmentalism, and product safety, the industry was also affected by the USA’s economic situation. The perfume, cosmetic, and personal care products industry had established a ‘recession proof’ image when sales of inexpensive cosmetics had outsold midpriced food items and clothing during the Depression of the 1930s. Cosmetics also did well during the rece
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