【正文】 擇中標(biāo)單位的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)從工程報(bào)價(jià)合理、工期短、企業(yè)信譽(yù)良好、施工經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富等方面考慮，評(píng)標(biāo)時(shí)，先評(píng)技術(shù)標(biāo)，后評(píng)商務(wù)標(biāo)，做到公開、公平、公正。 施工階段 在施工階段主要是以施工圖預(yù)算或建安工程承包合同價(jià)為目標(biāo)，控制建安工程造價(jià)。在這一階段節(jié)約的余地已經(jīng)很小，但浪費(fèi)的可能性卻很大，因而要對(duì)工程造價(jià)的控制給予足夠的重視。 (1) 加強(qiáng)對(duì)施 工方案的技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)比較 施工方案是施工組織設(shè)計(jì)中的一項(xiàng)重要工作內(nèi)容，合理的施工方案，可以縮短工期，保證工程質(zhì)量，提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，對(duì)施工方案從技術(shù)上和經(jīng)濟(jì)上進(jìn)行對(duì)比評(píng)價(jià)，通過(guò)定性分析和定量分析，對(duì)質(zhì)量、工期、造價(jià)三項(xiàng)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)比較，可以合理有效地利用人力、物力、財(cái)力資源，取得較好的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，把好施工管理關(guān)，是全面造價(jià)管理的重要途徑。 (2) 健全設(shè)計(jì)變更審批制度 設(shè)計(jì)如有變更，一是要盡量提前變更，因?yàn)樽兏皆?，損失越?。欢窃诿恳蛔兏O(shè)計(jì)之前，必須進(jìn)行工程量及造價(jià)增減分析，并經(jīng)原設(shè)計(jì)單位同意。如果變更后工 程造價(jià)突破總概算，必須經(jīng)有關(guān)部門審查，要切實(shí)防止通過(guò)變更設(shè)計(jì)增加設(shè)計(jì)內(nèi)容、提高設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、提高工程造價(jià)的情況發(fā)生。 (3) 對(duì)工程現(xiàn)場(chǎng)簽證手續(xù)嚴(yán)格把關(guān) 通過(guò)建設(shè)工程監(jiān)理制度，建立專門部門，利用專業(yè)人員對(duì)工程實(shí)行專業(yè)化管理，避免出現(xiàn)工程管理人員只管簽證，不算經(jīng)濟(jì)帳的現(xiàn)象，造成投資失控的嚴(yán)重后果。為了嚴(yán)肅變更簽證手續(xù)，應(yīng)采取建設(shè)方、監(jiān)理方、施工方代表現(xiàn)場(chǎng)聯(lián)簽的方式，保證變更、簽證的真實(shí)性、合理性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性，避免弄虛作假現(xiàn)象及由此引出的糾紛。 (4) 認(rèn)真做好竣工結(jié)算價(jià)的審核工作 工程竣工結(jié)算是指施工企業(yè)按照 合同規(guī)定的內(nèi)部全部完成所承包的工程，經(jīng)驗(yàn)收質(zhì)量合格，并符合合同要求之后，向建設(shè)單位進(jìn)行的最終工程價(jià)款結(jié)算。經(jīng)審核的工程竣工結(jié)算是核定建設(shè)工程造價(jià)的依據(jù)。因此，竣工結(jié)算的審核是一項(xiàng)非常重要的工作，應(yīng)著重做好以下 ： ① 審核工程量的準(zhǔn)確性。工程量的審核是竣工結(jié)算審核過(guò)程中最重要、最繁瑣、最細(xì)致的一項(xiàng)工作，必須以工程竣工圖、設(shè)計(jì)變更及施工現(xiàn)場(chǎng)為依據(jù)，嚴(yán)格按照定額規(guī)定的工程量計(jì)算規(guī)則逐項(xiàng)進(jìn)行審核，以防止施工單位在工程竣工結(jié)算上虛增工程量來(lái)增加工程造價(jià)。 ② 審查定額套用是否正確。審查所列分項(xiàng)工程的單價(jià)是否與定額單價(jià)相符 ，其名稱、規(guī)格、計(jì)量單位和所包含的內(nèi)容是否與單位估價(jià)表一致；對(duì)于換算的單價(jià)，首先審查單價(jià)的換算是否是定額允許的，其次審查單價(jià)換算是否正確。 ③ 審查各項(xiàng)取費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是否符合費(fèi)用定額和施工期間有關(guān)工程造價(jià)政策規(guī)定 五、工程造價(jià)管理體制改革的思考與展望 長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，我們普遍忽視工程建設(shè)項(xiàng)目前期工作階段的造價(jià)控制，而往往把控制工程造價(jià)的主要精力放在施工階段 審核施工圖預(yù)算，合理結(jié)算建安工程價(jià)款，算細(xì)帳，這樣做盡管也有用，但畢竟是 亡羊補(bǔ)牢 ，事倍功半 。 要有效的控制建設(shè)工程造價(jià)，就要堅(jiān)決把控制重點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移到前期階段來(lái)，首先要重視和加強(qiáng)項(xiàng)目決策階段的投資估算工作，努力提高可行性研究報(bào)告投資控制數(shù)的準(zhǔn)確度，切實(shí)發(fā)揮其控制建設(shè)項(xiàng)目總造價(jià)的作用。 其次，要明確概預(yù)算工作不僅要反映設(shè)計(jì)，計(jì)算工程造價(jià)，更要能動(dòng)地影響設(shè)計(jì)，優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)，并發(fā)揮控制工程造價(jià)，促進(jìn)合理使用建設(shè)資金的作用。 同時(shí)要對(duì)工程造價(jià)中的投資估算，設(shè)計(jì)概算，施工圖預(yù)算、承包合同價(jià)、結(jié)算價(jià)、竣工決算（四算兩價(jià)）實(shí)行一體化管理，改變 鐵路警察各管一段 的狀況，而這需要通過(guò)深化行業(yè)體制改革，通過(guò)市場(chǎng)價(jià)格的機(jī)制的運(yùn)行，形成統(tǒng)一、協(xié)調(diào)、有序的工程造價(jià)管理體系，達(dá)到合理使用 投資，有效地控制造價(jià)，取得最佳投資效益的目的，逐步建立起適應(yīng)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，符合中國(guó)國(guó)情與國(guó)際慣例接軌的工程造價(jià)管理體制。 The significance of control construction costs manages on entire process First, The necessary of control construction costs manages on entire process Talk about the management and the control on construction costs, that the field we are just accustomed to is thought of is a project advance in final account. Indeed , right away at present system and reality,what the job of that the management and the control on construction costs is advance in final account. Be that in advance, the people who work on final account according that already be ascertaied of the working drawing to calculate project amounts， apply a quota mechanically, the meter mechanically fetching cost, or designing that according to the drawing sheet and construction organization after construction is over as well as the scene construction visa takes notes weaves the final account being pleted. This is necessary , useful no doubt. But we must see that when prefinal accounts personnel weave working drawing budget or the final account being pleted, the construction plan and the design paper already determined. But construction being to take according to picture as principle, so then in advance, job done by final account personnel is only the change secretly scheming against cost produced by design alteration and prevents upvaluation from calculating boldly. But suppose the project is unreasonable on economy, there is a fault in decisionmaking。 suppose designing a scheme feasible or be not optimum on the technology。 the final account personnel can do nothing for sb then in advance. Job of final account personnel does accounts in advance only under just saying system currently in effect, after the event , can only reflect already plete project amounts inactively , can only reflect design and be under construction passively. This evidently is singlefaceted , insufficient , we must carry out the entire proceeding supervisory control on the construction costs of building a project. Concrete conditions of union our country, cost of construction manages have problems as follows: Be not enough to take investment decision into the stage of construction costs seriously charge indeed. Investment decision is to produce the construction costs headstream, This one stage blow the expense at take up the total investment forehead about %～ 3%,but that can have an effect to raise the project benefit of investment. That the project carries out rational choice on construction is that resource carries out direct , the most important optimization deploy means on economy , project benefit of investment affects efficiency and beneficial result to entire national economy. The developed country charges attach importance to control on investment decision stage construction costs,and costs not stinting big capital of money making the studies on the stage of carrying out investment decision energetically, make relatively paratively accurate construction costs , go along the control For a long time, there is the grave phenomenon investing in swelling in engineering construction of our country,bring the limit for a project feeling longer and longer, construction costs is higher and higher. The cause of that is short of the effective basis of the building of earlier stage ascertaining construction costs, only basis the already pleted according to the expert , decisionmakers draw lessons to estimate the project construction costs. Because a lot of factor effects, the“three surpass phenomenon very mon, there are main cause as follows: (1) personal factor brings about rough estimate lessening (2) equipment poses in reply material price39。s not working out according to market quotations. (3) construction units bring forward the too high for exceeding a design criterion The design stage of construction costs is not under the control of strict The design stage is the faucet in that project construction costs controls. After the investment decision is be made rationally , that is the process of plan the technology and organic together economly . Effective control the cost of construction requires strictly and allround in the enginee designing . Engineering design of current ou