【正文】 chmark Baseline Entitlement ? Benchmark.....A WorldClass Performance ? Entitlement.....Achievable Performance Given the Investments Already Made ? Baseline.....The Current Level of Performance Baselining = Current Process / Benchmarking = Ultimate Goal Some Basic 6?Related Tools 6? Overview Scatter Diagram Over Slept Car Would Not Start Weather Family Problems Other Pareto Diagram Frequency of Occurence Reasons for Being Late for Work Arrival Time at Work Time Alarm Went Off Materials People The Histogram Control Charts 6? Overview Some Basic 6?Related Tools The Fishbone Diagram Measurements Methods Technology Statement Cause Effect Being Late for Work Plot of Daily Arrival Time 9:15 7:00 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 8:30 8:45 9:00 Average Value Number of People Arriving at CRD Time 6? Overview LCL UCL Range Chart R Out of Control Condition LCL X UCL X Bar Chart Some Basic 6?Related Tools LCL = Lower Control Limit UCL = Upper Control Limit X = Mean R = Average Range Monitors Changes in Average or Variation Over Time Design of Experiments 6? Overview SCREENING OPTIMIZATION CHARACTERIZATION ? For Experiments Involving a Large Number of Factors ? Useful in Isolating the “Vital Few “ from the “Trivial Many” ? For Experiments Involving a Relatively Small Number of Factors ? Useful When Studying Relatively Unplicated Effects Interactions ? For Experiments Involving Only 2 or 3 Factors ? Useful When Studying Highly Complicated Effects Relationships DOE is More Effective Than Testing One Factor at a Time 6? Overview Using the “One Factor at a Time” Approach Reduce Commute to Work to 15 Minutes (without working an abnormal work schedule) The Goal The Variables Time of Departure from Home Route Taken to Work The Approach Try 3 Potential Routes at Current Departure Time (7:45), Select the Best Vary the Departure Time ?til we get to 15 Minutes Time of Departure 3 2 1 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 Route Combination Selected The Result Use Route 2 and Leave at 7:15 to Reach Goal 6? Overview Using “Design of Experiments” (DOE) Time of Departure DOE (i) Better Accounts for Interactive Variables Missed by “One Factor at a Time”, and (ii) Efficiently Searches for “Sweet Spot” in Parameter Space The Variables Time of Departure from Home Route Taken to Work The Approach Vary time of Departure and Route Simultaneously, in a Systematic Fashion The Result A Better Combination Allowing 15 More Minutes of Sleep!!! Actual Commuting Time Averages (minutes) 3 2 1 7:15 7:30 7:45 8:00 8:15 Route 17 20 23 21 19 15 18 20 19 16 12 15 21 20 18 Original Conclusion Best Combination “Sweet Spot” Reduce Commute to Work to 15 Minutes (without working an abnormal work schedule) The Goal A Practical Example (The “Cookbook”) 6? Overview 6?.....and Baking Bread YEAST FLOUR Using a 12 Step Process 6? Overview The “BETTER BREAD” Company Step 1.....Selecting “Critical to Quality” (CTQs or Y) What is Important to the Customer? ? Rise ? Texture ? Smell ? Freshness ? Taste Y = Taste!! 6? Overview Measure Step 2.....Defining Performance Standards for CTQs or Y 6? Overview How Could We Measure Taste (Y)? ? Panel of Tasters ? Rating System of 1 to 10 ? Target: Average Rating at 8 ? Desired: No Individual Ratings (“defects”) Below 7 Y = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Target Defects Worst Best But.....Is this the Right System? Measure 6? Overview Step 3.....Validating the Measurement System for Y How Could We Approach This? ? Blindfolded Panel Rates Several Loaf Samples ? Put “Repeat” Pieces from Same Loaf in Different Samples ? Consistent Ratings* on Pieces from Same Loaf = “Repeatability” ? Consistent Ratings* on Samples Across the Panel = “Reproducibility” “ Repeatability” “Reproducibility” Suggest Valid Measurement Approach Panel Member Loaf 1 Loaf 2 Loaf 3 A 5 8 9 B 4 9 1 C 4 9 2 D 8 9 8 E 4 8 2 F 5 9 1 G 8 9 2 * Within 177。 One Taste Unit Measure 6? Overview Step 4.....Establish Product Capability for Y (Taste) This is a 3? Process! 7 Defects (ratings below 7) 24 Ratings (from our panel) = .292 292,000 Defects per 1,ooo,ooo Loaves OR 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 of Ratings Rating 6 4 3 2