【正文】 ause, whether it is at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence.Proper use of parisonsAdjectives or adverbs of the parative degree should be used only when there is a parison.We should not use adjectives or adverbs of the parative degree when there is no parison, explicit or implied.In addition, we should remember that only things of the same kind can be pared.For example: This course seems more difficult.China39。s population is larger than India39。s.After many years Bill remembered me better than Carl did.Correct Use of Tense Whenever we make a sentence, we should ask ourselves when the thing mentioned happens, and the right tense to report it. 1) He told/tells me that he is much better now. 2) She returned the book I lend/lent to her yesterday. 3) Last time we saw a film, and it is/was a good one. Types of SentenceAccording to their use, we have ― 1) declarative sentences. (陳述句) 2) interrogative sentences.(疑問句) 3) imperative sentences.(祈使句) 4) exclamation sentences. (感嘆句) According to their structure, we have ― simple sentences. (簡單句) 2) pound sentences. (并列句)3) plex sentences. (復(fù)合句) 4) poundplex sentences. (并列復(fù)合句)Types of SentenceFrom a rhetorical(修辭) point of view, we have ― 1) loose sentences. (松散句) 2) periodic sentences. (工整句) 3) balanced sentences. (對杖句) 4) Short and long sentences (長短句) Coordination(并列) and Subordination(從屬)When we mention two or more things or ideas of equal importance, we often use coordinate clauses joined with a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, yet, so, or for). (coordination)When we express an important idea in a main clause and one or more less important ideas in subordinate clauses, we are using the method of subordination.The choice of coordination or subordinations mainly decided by the relationship between the ideas to be expressed.Effective Sentences Unity (統(tǒng)一性)Coherence (連貫性) Conciseness(簡潔性)Emphasis (有重點(diǎn)性) Variety (多樣性)Unity (統(tǒng)一性)Unity is the first quality of an effective sentence. It refers to two qualities: there is only one main idea in a sentence, and that idea is plete.Ideas that are closely connected can be expressed in one sentence, while ideas that are not closely connected should not be put into one sentence.1)_ Born in a small town in South China in the early 50s, he grew up to be a famous musician. ()2)_ He is from Hebei, and I am 22 years old now.()Coherence (連貫性)Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts. A sentence is coherence when its words or parts are properly connected and their relationship clear. Do not separate words that are closely related。 Do not use a pronoun with ambiguous reference。 Do not use a dangling modifier。 Do not make confusing shift in person and number。 Do not make unnecessary changes in tense, voice, or mood. Do not use different forms to express parallel ideas.For example:1) A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds (by what he does ). 2) We thought she was charming, intelligent, and a very capable young woman (a charming, intelligent and capable young woman). 3) After listening to the speaker39。s inspiring speech, many questions were raised. (we raised many questions.)4)_She told my sister that she( who is she) was wrong. 5)_He was knocked down by a bike, but it( ) was not serious. 6)_ read an interesting story in a magazine about sportsmen. (not a sentence at all) Conciseness(簡潔性)A sentence should contain no unnecessary words. If the idea if fully expressed, the fewer words are used, the better. Use a pronoun instead of repeating a noun.Use a word instead of a phrase with the same meaning, and use a phrase instead of a clause with the same meaning.Do not repeat words or phrases, if possible, in a sentence or in one that follow.Do not use different words or phrases with similar meanings in the same sentence.Do not repeat the same idea in different sentences except for emphasis.Wordy sentences and redundant words can only make the meaning hazy and the main points inconspicuous. It is always necessary for us to reread what we have written and try to improve it by simplifying it and making it more concise.For example:1) My father has returned back from Beijing. 2) It is blue in colour. 3) In my opinion, I think you are right. 4) Mary is a quiet and careful woman. 5) Mr. Smith likes to drink all kinds of wine that are produced in France. (French wine) 6) The language lab is open to students not only from English Department but also from other department of the university. 7)My father is 65 years old, and he is a professor in Hunan University. He has a healthy body of his age. My father, a professor of 65 years old in Hunan University, enjoys the best of_ (用同位語改寫)Emphasis (有重點(diǎn)性)Placing: The end and the beginning , especially the end, of a sentence usually attract readers39。 attention, so important elements of a sentence should be put at these two places, especially the end. For example:1) The teacher nodded with satisfaction when he was listening to her. The teacher, while listening to her, kept nodding with satisfaction. 2) The plane circled around the airport for ten minutes and then disappeared in the clouds. After circling around the airport for ten minutes, the plane disappeared in the clouds. Climactic sequenceIn enumerating things or ideas, we should start from the least important and end with the most important, or in the climactic sequence.For example:He said he had lost interest in life, fame, position and money after that tragedy.He said after tragedy he had lost interest in money, position, fame, and even life.The use of verbs in the active voiceVerbs are generally more em