同濟(jì)大學(xué)博士研究生入學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試大綱(已改無(wú)錯(cuò)字)
2022-08-22 03:01:47 本頁(yè)面
【正文】 . Largescale enterprises tend to operate more fortably in stable and secure circumstances, and their managerial bureaucracies tend to promote the status quo and resist the threat implicit in change. Furthermore, the firm with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue new techniques and different products, since with little vested interest in capital equipment or plant it is not deterred from investment in innovation. In some cases, where interindustry petition is reduced or even entirely eliminated, the industrial giants may seek to avoid capital loss resulting from obsolescence by deliberately obstructing technological progress. The conglomerates are not, however, pletely exempt from strong petitive pressures。 there are instances in which they, too, must pete, as against another industrial Goliath, and then their weapons may include large expenditures for innovation.16. According to the passage, important inventions of the twentieth century ________.A. are not necessarily produced as a result of governmental support for military weapons research and development.B. came primarily from the huge laboratories of monopoly industries.C. were produced at least as frequently by independent inventors as by research teams.D. have greater impact on smaller firms than on conglomerates.17. It is the authors belief, as expressed or implied in the passage, that________.A. monopoly power creates an environment supportive of innovation.B. governmental protection for military research will do much to protect our dwindling resources.C. industrial giants, with their managerial bureaucracies, respond more quickly to technological change. D. firms with a small share of the market will aggressively pursue innovations because they are not locked into old capital equipment.18. Management and stockholders might be deeply concerned with cost cutting rather than innovation if _______.A. their pany is faced with strong petition in a field not dominated by one of the industrial giants. B. they are very stable and secure and hold a monopoly position in their industry. C. they are part of the militaryindustrial plex and are the recipients of federal funds for product development. D. they have produced some of the important inventions of this century.19. Which of the following statements is neither expressed nor implied in the passage? A. Important inventions have been produced, in he past, by individuals as well as by corporate teams. B. The federal governments research funds are funneled into pure resea
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