【正文】 s spent reporting the results of one39。s research projects for presentation to teachers, managers, and clients. Indeed, without basic research skills and the ability to present research results clearly and pletely, an individual will encounter many obstacles in school and on the job. ? NOTE: ? His debts amount to five thousand dollars. ? This amounts to a refusal. ? unexpectedly experience or be faced with (something difficult or hostile)遇到 （ 困難或不利的事 ） ， 碰到；面臨 We have encountered one small 。 meet unexpectedly and confront (an adversary)遭遇 （ 敵手 ） The soldiers encountered a large crowd of 。 ? The need for some researchwriting ability is felt nearly equally by college students in all fields, engineering and science as well as business and the humanities. Graduate study often makes great demands on the student39。s researchwriting skills, and most professions continue the demand。 education, advertising and marketing, economics and accounting, science and engineering, psychology, anthropology, the arts, and agriculture may all require regular reporting of research data. ? ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH PAPER ? 2. The standard research report, regardless of the field or the intended reader, contains four major sections. These sections may be broken down into a variety of subsections, and they may be arranged in a variety of ways, but they regularly make up the core (the central or most important part of something) of the report. ? NOTE: The allowance is paid regardless of age or ine. 津貼發(fā)放不分年齡或收入 。 ? 3. Problem Section. The first required section of a research report is the statement of the problem with which the research project is concerned.① This section requires a precise statement of the underlying (fundamental) question which the researcher has set out to answer.② In this same section there should be an explanation of the significance social, economic, medical, psychological, educational, etc. of the question。 in other words, why the investigation was worth conducting. ? Thus, if we set out, for example, to answer the question What is the effect of regular consumption of fast foods on the health of the American teenager? we must explain that the question is thought to have significant relevance to the health of this segment of the population and might lead to some sort of regulations on such foods. ? 4. A frequent subsection of this problem section is a review (What does it refer to?) of past research on the topic being investigated. This would consist of summaries of the contributions of previous researcher to the question under consideration with some assessment of the value of these contributions. This subsection has rhetorical usefulness in that it enhances the credibility of the researcher by indicating that the data presented is based on a thorough knowledge of what has been done in the field and, possibly, grows out of some investigative tradition. ? 5. Procedures Section. The second major section of the research report details, with as much data as possible, exactly how the study was carried out. This section includes description of any necessary equipment, how the subjects were selected if subjects were used, what statistical technique was used to evaluate the significance of the findings, how many observations were made and when, etc. ? An investigation of the relative effectiveness of various swimstrokes would have to detail the number of swimmers tested, the nature of the tests conducted, the experience of the swimmers, the weather conditions at the time of the test, and any other factors that contributed to the overall experiment. The goal of the procedures section is to allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if such were desired to confirm, or refute (prove (a statement or theory) to be wrong or false。 disprove), your findings. ? 6. Results Section. The third, and perhaps most important, section of the research report is the presentation of the results obtained from the investigation. The basic rule in this section is to give all data relevant to the research question initially asked. Although, of course, one39。s natural tendency might be to suppress (prevent the dissemination of [information]禁止 [信息的 ]傳播 ) any findings which do not in some way support one39。s hypothesis, such dishonesty is antithetical (directly opposed or contrasted) to good research reporting in any field. If the experiments undertaken fail to prove anything, if the data was inadequate or contrary to expectations, the report should be honestly written and as plete as possible, just as it would be if the hypothesis were totally proven by the research. ? 7. Discussion Section. T