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Not only did its interchangeable parts inaugurate easy and economical mass production , but its “userfriendly” operation allowed almost anyone to drive . Nearly 90 years later , the motor vehicle is resembling less and less Ford’s simple machine and quickly being a plex “mobile puter” , capable of acting as a navigator a safeguard ,and even , a second drive . These new capabilities will not only change how we drive 。 intelligent vehicles could also enhance transportation services , save lives , and bolster the petitiveness of . industries .However , intelligent vehicles aren’t quite here . Instead , the ponents that make vehicles smarter – new information , safety , and automation technologies – are arriving on the market as piecemeal accessories , offered either as optional equipment by new vehicle manufacturers or as special ponents by aftermarket suppliers . There technologies are being developed and marketed to increase drive safety , performance , and convenience . These individual technologies , however , have yet to being integrated to create a fully intelligent vehicle that works cooperatively with the drive .The automotive industry is already aware of and addressing potential problems associated with the uncoordinated influx of technology . But their progress is hampered by technical and economic obstacles , uncertain consumer interest , and insufficient standards and guidelines . Also , neither original vehicle manufacturers or government regulators ( unless safety problems are clearly proven ) have control over aftermarket products , especially their use in trucks and buses . However , without a “humancentered” design approach for the intelligent vehicle that attempts to integrator and coordinate various technologies , we may not only lose the opportunity to realize the benefits offered by new invehicle technologies , but we could inadvertently degrade safety and performance .Recognizing the importance of smart vehicles and the potential for unintended consequences if human factors are not placed at the center of their design , Dot launched the Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) in 1997 . This initiative aims to accelerate the development , availability , and use of integrated invehicle systems that help drivers of cars , trucks , and buses operate more safety and effectively .The 1980s television series “Knight Rider “ featured an intelligent vehicle that could leap moderately tall buildings , drive itself at seemingly supersonic speeds , spy on bad guys , and had the diction and personality of an English butler . The car was not only smart , but smartalecky . Although intelligent vehicles in the real world will not be able to fly over standing traffic , they will have formidable capabilities . As envisioned by IVI , smart vehicles will be able to give route directions , sense objects , warn drivers of impending collisions , automatically signal for help in emergencies , keep drivers alert , and may ultimately be able to take over driving .The use of information and puterbased technologies in motor vehicles , however , is not new . Wide scale puterization of motor vehicles began in the 1980s with technologies designed to enhance vehicle operation and drive fort . These technologies included electronic fuel injection to control engine performance , particularly aimed at enhancing the capabilities of the vehicles , the most recent wave of invehicle technology , which is of most interest to IVI , are the intelligent transportation systems designed to enhance the capabilities of the driver . These systems include warning and information , driver assistance , and automation technologies .Just as people possess different specialized abilities , invehicle ITS technologies endow vehicles with different types and levels of “intelligence” to plement the driver , Driver information systems expand the driver’s knowledge of routes and locations . Warning systems , such as collisionavoidance technologies , enhance the driver’s ability to sense what’s going on in the surrounding environment . And driver assistance and automation technologies simulate a driver’s thinking and physical actions to operate a vehicle temporarily emergencies or for prolonged periods. But while a smart vehicle will extend the driver’s capabilities , it will also potentially expand the driver’s traditional role . In particular , in the midst of new invehicle technologies , the human role expands from that sensorymotor skill , writes Thomas Sheridan , a professor who heads the HumanMachine Systems Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), “to that of planner , programmer , monitor of the automation , diagnostician …,learner and manager ,”Integration: The Key to humanCentered Design . A key criteria of humancentered design is ensuring that a technology provides the intended benefits without engendering unintended adverse consequences . Driving is a potentially dangerous activity that requires attentive and alert drivers. Although technologies in the vehicle can enhance the driver’s capabilities and fort, they can also create po