【正文】
開(kāi)發(fā)時(shí)間長(zhǎng),效率低,可靠性差;或者購(gòu)買(mǎi)專用的工控系統(tǒng),通常是封閉的系統(tǒng),選擇余地小,往往不能滿足需求,很難與外界進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)交互,升級(jí)和增加功能都受到嚴(yán)重的限制。組態(tài)軟件的出現(xiàn),把用戶從這些困境中解脫出來(lái),可以利用組態(tài)軟件的功能,構(gòu)建一套最適合自己的應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)。隨著它的快速發(fā)展,實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、實(shí)時(shí)控制、 SCADA、通訊及聯(lián)網(wǎng)、開(kāi)放數(shù)據(jù)接口、對(duì) I/O 設(shè)備的廣泛支持已經(jīng)成為它的主要內(nèi)容,隨著技術(shù)的發(fā)展,監(jiān)控組態(tài)軟件將會(huì)不斷被賦予新的內(nèi)容。 組態(tài)軟件在我國(guó)的發(fā)展 組態(tài)軟件產(chǎn)品于 80 年代初出現(xiàn),并在 80 年代末期進(jìn)入我國(guó)。但在 90 年代中期之前,組態(tài)軟件在我國(guó)的應(yīng)用并不普及。 究其原因,大致有以下幾點(diǎn): ( 1) 國(guó)內(nèi)用戶還缺乏對(duì)組態(tài)軟件的認(rèn)識(shí),項(xiàng)目中沒(méi)有組態(tài)軟件的預(yù)算,或?qū)幵竿度肴肆ξ锪︶槍?duì)具體項(xiàng)目做長(zhǎng)周期的繁冗的上位機(jī)的編程開(kāi)發(fā),而不采用組態(tài)軟件; ( 2) 在很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間里,國(guó)內(nèi)用戶的軟件意識(shí)還不強(qiáng),面對(duì)價(jià)格不菲的進(jìn)口軟件(早期的組態(tài)軟件多為國(guó)外廠家 開(kāi)發(fā)),很少有用戶愿意去購(gòu)買(mǎi)正版。 ( 3) 當(dāng)時(shí)國(guó)內(nèi)的工業(yè)自動(dòng)化和信息技術(shù)應(yīng)用的水平還不高,組態(tài)軟件提供了對(duì)大規(guī)模應(yīng)用、大量數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行采集、監(jiān)控、處理并可以將處理的結(jié)果生成管理所需的數(shù)據(jù), 這些需求并未完全形成。 隨著工業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用的深入,在面臨規(guī)模更大、控制更復(fù)雜的控制系統(tǒng)時(shí),人們逐漸意識(shí)到原有的上位機(jī)編程的開(kāi)發(fā)方式。對(duì)項(xiàng)目來(lái)說(shuō)是費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力、得不償失的,同時(shí),MIS( 管理信息系統(tǒng), ManagementInformationSystem)和 CIMS( 計(jì)算機(jī) 集成制造系統(tǒng),ComputerIntegratedManufacturingSystem)的大量應(yīng)用,要求工業(yè)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)為企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營(yíng)、決策提供更詳細(xì)和深入的數(shù)據(jù),以便優(yōu)化企業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)中的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。因此,在 1995年以后,組態(tài)軟件在國(guó)內(nèi)的應(yīng)用逐漸得到了普及。 組態(tài)軟件發(fā)展方向 前景展望監(jiān)控組態(tài)軟件是工業(yè)應(yīng)用軟件的一個(gè)組成部分,其發(fā)展受到很多因素的制約,歸根結(jié)底,用戶的需求對(duì)其發(fā)展起著最為關(guān)鍵的推動(dòng)作用。 需求是推 動(dòng)其發(fā)展的源動(dòng)力,觸摸屏人機(jī)界面的快速發(fā)展有力地證明了這一點(diǎn)。組態(tài)軟件市場(chǎng)的崛起不僅為最終用戶節(jié)省了系統(tǒng)投資,同時(shí)也為用戶解決了實(shí)際問(wèn)題。現(xiàn)在用戶購(gòu)買(mǎi)組態(tài)軟件雖然也需要一定的投資,但是和以前相比,投資額卻大大降低了。使用組態(tài)軟件,用戶可以做到花少量的錢(qián),做成大事情。 中國(guó)的現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)正處于上升期,新項(xiàng)目的上馬、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的改造大量需要組態(tài)軟件;另一方面,傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)的改造、原有系統(tǒng)的升級(jí)和擴(kuò)容也需要組態(tài)軟件的支撐 建立 WINCC 組態(tài)畫(huà)面 WINCC 組態(tài)畫(huà)面 打開(kāi) WINCC 組態(tài)軟件,新建單用 戶項(xiàng)目,然后進(jìn)入圖形編輯管理器,建立 WINCC組態(tài)畫(huà)面,如圖 41 所示。 圖 41 WINCC 組態(tài)畫(huà)面 畫(huà)面演示 啟動(dòng)仿真,運(yùn)行 WINCC 組態(tài)畫(huà)面。點(diǎn)擊“啟動(dòng)按鈕”,“水閥”動(dòng)作 ,如圖所示 4 秒后,若 “水池低水位指示”信號(hào)未輸入,則“水池低水位”報(bào)警燈報(bào)警 ,如圖44 和 45 所示: 圖 44 水池報(bào)警 WINCC 畫(huà)面 圖 45 水池報(bào)警仿真 畫(huà)面 若“水池低水位”信號(hào)輸入,則 報(bào)警不啟動(dòng), 啟動(dòng)“水泵” , 如圖 46 和 47 所示: 圖 46 水泵啟動(dòng) WINCC 畫(huà)面 圖 47 水泵啟動(dòng)仿真 畫(huà)面 4 秒后,若“水塔低水位指示”信號(hào)未輸入,則“水塔低水位”報(bào)警燈報(bào)警 ,如圖47 和 48 所示: 圖 47 水塔報(bào)警 WINCC 畫(huà)面 圖 48 水塔報(bào)警仿真 畫(huà)面 若“水塔低水位”信號(hào)輸入,則報(bào)警 不啟動(dòng),如圖 49 和 410 所示: 圖 49 水塔低水位 WINCC 畫(huà)面 圖 410 水塔報(bào)警 仿真 畫(huà)面 若“水塔高水位指示”信號(hào)輸入,則關(guān)閉水泵,如圖 411 和 412 所示: 圖 411 水塔高水位 WINCC 畫(huà)面 圖 412 水塔高水位仿真畫(huà)面 一段 時(shí)間后,若“水 池 高水位指示”信號(hào)輸入,則關(guān)閉水閥 ,如圖 413 和 414 所示: 圖 413 水池高水位 WINCC 畫(huà)面 圖 414 水池高水位仿真畫(huà)面 至此,這次 基于 PLC 控制系統(tǒng)的水塔水位 控制任務(wù)圓滿完成。 參考文獻(xiàn) [1]胡學(xué)林 .《 可編程控制器原理及應(yīng)用 》 .北京 .電子工業(yè)出版社 , 2021: 1. [2]胡學(xué)林 .《 可編程控制器教程(提高篇) 》 .北京 .電子工業(yè)出版社 , 2021: 8. [3]汪志峰 .《可編程控制器原理及應(yīng)用》 .西安 .電子科技大學(xué)出版社 , 2021. [4]廖常初 .《 S7300/400PLC 應(yīng)用技術(shù)》 .北京 .機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 , 2021. [5]吳中俊,黃永紅 .《可編程序控制器原理及應(yīng)用》 .北京 .機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 , 2021 [6]呂景泉 .《可編程控制器技術(shù)教程》 .北京:高等教育出版社 , 2021. [7]宋德玉 .《可編程序控制器原理及應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)》 .北京 .冶金工業(yè)出版社 , 2021. [8]鄭晟,鞏建平,張學(xué) .《現(xiàn)代可編程序控制器原理與應(yīng)用》 .北京:科學(xué)出版社, 2021. g an employment tribunal claim Employment tribunals sort out disagreements between employers and employees. You may need to make a claim to an employment tribunal if: ? you don39。t agree with the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you ? your employer dismisses you and you think that you have been dismissed unfairly. For more information about dismissal and unfair dismissal, see Dismissal. You can make a claim to an employment tribunal, even if you haven39。t appealed against the disciplinary action your employer has taken against you. However, if you win your case, the tribunal may reduce any pensation awarded to you as a result of your failure to appeal. Remember that in most cases you must make an application to an employment tribunal within three months of the date when the event you are plaining about happened. If your application is received after this time limit, the tribunal will not usually accept it. If you are worried about how the time limits apply to you, take advice from one of the anisations listed under Further help. Employment tribunals are less formal than some other courts, but it is still a legal process and you will need to give evidence under an oath or affirmation. Most people find making a claim to an employment tribunal challenging. If you are thinking about making a claim to an employment tribunal, you should get help straight away from one of the anisations listed under Further help. If you are being represented by a solicitor at the tribunal, they may ask you to sign an agreement where you pay their fee out of your pensation if you win the case. This is known as a damagesbased agreement. In England and Wales, your solicitor can39。t charge you more than 35% of your pensation if you win the case. If you are thinking about signing up for a damagesbased agreement, you should make sure you39。re clear about the terms of the agreement. It might be best to get advice from an experienced adviser, for example, at a Citizens Advice Bureau. To find your nearest CAB, including those that give advice by , click on nearest CAB. For more information about making a claim to an employment tribunal, see Employment tribunals. The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islandsbased Webb, the head of Fifa39。s antiracism taskforce, is in London for the Football Association39。s 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend City39。s Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday. I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport. For me it39。s about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was. Uefa has opened disciplinary proceedings against CSKA for the racist behaviour of their fans during City39。s 21 win. Michel Platini, president of European football39。s governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into t