【正文】 ，增加個人收入從而刺激個人消費，擴張整個需求；從財政支 出政策上，增加政府支出，直接擴大社會需求，從而刺激經(jīng)濟復(fù)蘇。財政收入政策和財政支出政策往往配合運用。 （ 2）貨幣政策，是一國中央銀行為實現(xiàn)一定的宏觀經(jīng)濟目標(biāo)而對貨幣供應(yīng)量進行調(diào)節(jié)所采取的指導(dǎo)原則及其相應(yīng)的政策措施。國家運用貨幣政策，其中心點是調(diào)節(jié)貨幣供應(yīng)量。增加貨幣供應(yīng)量，伴之以利率下降，能刺激投資和消費，促進經(jīng)濟增長。減少貨幣供應(yīng)量，伴之以利率上升，能抑制通貨膨脹，抑制經(jīng)濟增長。 （ 3）由于我國實行的是社會主義市場經(jīng)濟，企業(yè)在追求利潤最大化的時候，對利潤率高的行業(yè)或部門，必然會加大投入，可能會引起投資 的過熱，而涉及到國計民生的行業(yè)或產(chǎn)業(yè)，由于利潤率低下，則會出現(xiàn)無人投資的現(xiàn)象。因此，我國宏觀經(jīng)濟在運行中也難免會出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟波動。這就需要對宏觀經(jīng)濟進行干預(yù)和調(diào)節(jié)。資本主義國家經(jīng)過幾百年積累的經(jīng)驗，對我們是有借鑒作用的。 如何認(rèn)識經(jīng)濟全球化的作用。 答 :（ 1）經(jīng)濟全球化：是指跨國商品與服務(wù)交易及國際資本流動規(guī)模和形式的增加，以及技術(shù)的廣泛迅速傳播使世界各國經(jīng)濟的相互依賴性增強。 （ 2）經(jīng)濟全球化實質(zhì)是在發(fā)達資本主義國家主導(dǎo)下的全球化。 （ 3）經(jīng)濟全球化的積極作用：經(jīng)濟全球化是生產(chǎn)社會化和現(xiàn)代生產(chǎn)力 發(fā)展的產(chǎn)物，反過來，它具有促進生產(chǎn)力提高和全球經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的巨大作用，這是以往經(jīng)濟國際化所不通報比擬的。 （ 4）經(jīng)濟全球化的消極影響：首先，它使市場經(jīng)濟的消極方面全球化了。其次，以美國為首的西方資本主義大國利用經(jīng)濟全球化推行霸權(quán)主義和強權(quán)政治，它們不僅利用自己的經(jīng)濟實力和科技優(yōu)勢在 “全球化 ”過程中為壟斷資本謀取巨大利益，加緊對別國的剝削和掠奪，而且在推行 “全球化 ”過程中蔑視別國主權(quán)和民族利益，甚至采取武力威脅和政治顛覆、意識形態(tài)滲透等手段，企圖建立美國主宰全球事務(wù)的國際經(jīng)濟政治 “秩序 ”。最后，在經(jīng)濟全球化的條 件下，局部危機極易引起全球化的動蕩甚至危機?？傊?，經(jīng)濟全球化的雙重作用表明，全球化是一柄雙刃劍，發(fā)展中國家在經(jīng)濟全球化趨勢中可以得到前所未有的發(fā)展機遇和條件，但也面臨著巨大的風(fēng)險。 結(jié)合我國的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展實際 ,說明中國為什么要發(fā)展市場經(jīng)濟？ 答：我國之所以要發(fā)展社會主義市場經(jīng)濟，是因為： （ 1）市場經(jīng)濟不是資本主義的本質(zhì)特征，既不姓資，也不姓社，資本主義可以搞，社會主義出可以搞。 （ 2）市場經(jīng)濟的運行機制同商品經(jīng)濟的性質(zhì)相適應(yīng)，能有效地促進社會生產(chǎn)力的發(fā)展，能優(yōu)化資源配置，能提高資源利用效率和經(jīng) 濟效益，能激勵創(chuàng)新。 （ 3）西方資產(chǎn)階級利用市場經(jīng)濟在不到一百年的時間內(nèi)，創(chuàng)造了比過去一切時代所創(chuàng)造的全部生產(chǎn)力還要多，資本主義的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗值得人們借鑒。 （ 4）我國改革開放的實踐證明，市場化改革每前進一步，都釋放出推動經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的能量，給國民經(jīng)濟帶來生機與活力。 根據(jù)上述分析，市場經(jīng)濟總體上優(yōu)于計劃經(jīng)濟體制，因此，我們應(yīng)該發(fā)展社會主義市場經(jīng)濟。 要建立和完善社會主義經(jīng)濟體制，轉(zhuǎn)變經(jīng)濟運行機制和資源配置方式，用社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制取代計劃經(jīng)濟體制，使市場在國家宏觀調(diào)控下對資源配置起基礎(chǔ)性作用 。建立起社會主義市場經(jīng)濟體制的基本框架，完善市場體系，形成全國統(tǒng)一市場，把原來由政府決定價格過渡為由市場決定價格等，與國際市場接軌。 科學(xué)技術(shù)進步在經(jīng)濟增長中的作用是什么？實現(xiàn)技術(shù)進步的途徑是什么？你認(rèn)為實現(xiàn)科學(xué)技術(shù)進步的關(guān)鍵何在？ 答：（ 1）科學(xué)技術(shù)是知識形態(tài)的生產(chǎn)力，它一旦加入生產(chǎn)過程，就轉(zhuǎn)化為物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)力。（ 2）科學(xué)技術(shù)在當(dāng)代生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展中起著決定性的作用，已成為推動經(jīng)濟增長的決定性因素。 （ 3）技術(shù)進步是通過兩種途徑推動經(jīng)濟增長的：一是技術(shù)進步通過對生產(chǎn)力三要素的滲透和影響，提高生產(chǎn)率， 推動經(jīng)濟增長。二是科學(xué)技術(shù)作為獨立的產(chǎn)業(yè)，其產(chǎn)值直接成為國民生產(chǎn)總值的組成部分和經(jīng)濟增長的重要源泉。 （ 4）在技術(shù)進步對經(jīng)濟增長的作用中提高人的素質(zhì)是關(guān)鍵。 我們?nèi)绾螒?yīng)對經(jīng)濟全球化帶來的機遇與挑戰(zhàn)？ 答：（ 1）經(jīng)濟全球化是當(dāng)代世界經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的重要趨勢。它是在經(jīng)濟國際化基礎(chǔ)上形成的，是經(jīng)濟國際化的新階段。 （ 2）經(jīng)濟國際化指的是國與國之間的經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系越來越密切，內(nèi)容主要為商品國際化、資本國際化、生產(chǎn)國際化。 （ 3）標(biāo)志著經(jīng)濟國際化進入新的階段，標(biāo)志著經(jīng)濟全球化到來的條件產(chǎn)市場經(jīng)濟全球脂和信 息傳播全求球化。只有發(fā)達國家的參與，達不到經(jīng)濟全球。 7080 年代以來，發(fā)展中國家致力于民族經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展，加快了融入世界經(jīng)濟的步伐。蘇聯(lián)和東歐的演變，堅持社會主義的中國等國家實行市場化經(jīng)濟改革，加速了與國際市場接軌。信息技術(shù)的飛速進步，計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)的出現(xiàn)，使經(jīng)濟信息能迅速傳播到世界各地，這一切都為經(jīng)濟全球化創(chuàng)造了條件。 （ 4）經(jīng)濟全球化趨勢，在形成的過程中有以下特征：第一，參與國際經(jīng)濟活動的逐步包括所有國家和地區(qū)。第二，各國的經(jīng)濟活動迅速向全球各地擴展。第三，各國經(jīng)濟之間，逐步發(fā)展到互相交織、互相融合。第四 ，國際經(jīng)濟逐步步入?yún)f(xié)調(diào)，協(xié)調(diào)機構(gòu)的權(quán)威逐步增強。 （ 5）經(jīng)濟全球化對發(fā)展中國家提供了機遇，也提出了挑戰(zhàn)。首先，從機遇看，經(jīng)濟全球化嘉賓來了更多地利 9 用外資，引進先進技術(shù)，擴大國外市場和學(xué)習(xí)科學(xué)管理的機會?？傊畮砑涌旖?jīng)濟發(fā)展、技術(shù)進步、產(chǎn)業(yè)演進的機會。其次，從挑戰(zhàn)看，主要是經(jīng)濟全球化要求實行的貿(mào)易自由化，投資自由化帶來的巨大壓力和風(fēng)險。 （ 6）面對經(jīng)濟全球化趨勢帶來的機遇與挑戰(zhàn)，我國的對策是：第一，應(yīng)當(dāng)積極審慎參與，充分利用機遇，主要通過引進的方式迅速發(fā)展壯大自己，提高競爭力，努力趕超發(fā)達國家。第二， 面對挑戰(zhàn)，即要順應(yīng)潮流，又要秩序漸進，趨利避害。努力減少負(fù)面影響。 10 請您刪除一下內(nèi)容， O(∩_∩)O謝謝！??！ 2021年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄 Shanghai’s Suzhou Creek has witnessed much of the city’s history. Zhou Wenting travels this storied body of water and finds its most fascinating spots. Some lucky cities can boast a great body of water, like London with the river Thames and Paris with the river Seine. Shanghai is privileged enough to have two great bodies of water: Huangpu River and Suzhou River became famous when colonists established clusters of grand buildings on its banks on what became known as the bund. Today, the bund overlooks the breathtaking skyline of Lujiazui financial district. Shanghai’s other body of water, however, Suzhou Creek, has been somewhat overshadowed. Suzhou Creek links the inland cities of Jiangsu province with Shanghai. When the British colonists, who arrived in the city after it was opened as a mercial port in 1843 found they could reach Suzhou, Jiangsu province, via the creek, they named it Suzhou Creek. Thanks to its location, a large amount of cargo and travelers were transported via the creek before rail links were established. But after a century of being utilized as a waterway to transport goods and labor, the creek grew dark and smelly. Industrial factories were established along the banks. In the 1990s it became a key task of the city government to clean the creek. Suzhou Creek, which snakes 17 km from the iconic Waibaidu Bridge downtown to the outer ring road in west Shanghai, maps the changing periods of the city’s history, including the imprints of the concessions, the beginning of industrialization and the improvement in people’s living conditions. Where the Bund began Inbetween the shopping street of East Nanjing Road and the Bund, are a cluster of streets that give me the illusion that I am no longer in modern Shanghai. The streets are narrow and old and crisscross each other. Any old residential house may turn out to be a former office of the British, constructed in the 1880s. Pawnshops and hardware stores that are hard to find elsewhere, are plentiful here. This area, at the confluence of Huangpu River and Suzhou Creek, is called the Bund Origin. Countless tour buses stop at the site every day and visitors from around the world get off to see this place, the starting point of the concessions in the city. It all started in 1872, when the former British Consulate General was constructed and the Bund began its transformation into an the financial street of the East. Now the site of the former consulate is called “No 1 Waitanyuan”, which translates to “the Bund Origin”, to honor its beginnings. The entire plex of this historical site prises of five buildings, the former British Consulate General, the official residence of the consul, the former Union Church, the church apartments and the former Shanghai Rowing Club. The size of the courtyard is equivalent to that of four standard soccer fields. The building of the former consulate is a twostorey masonry building on an Hshaped plan in typical English renaissance style. The building is designed with a fivearch verandah on the ground floor with a raised terrace facing the garden, while the facade features an entry portico beneath a colonna