【正文】 asing of the passive solar options,partly because of the restrictions on position and view out from remaining windows,and partly as a result of the implied dark surface finishes of the absorbing surfaces. As a result,this category of the three prime solar design technologies is not as widely used as its efficiency and effectiveness would suggest. Attached sunspace/conservatory This has bee a popular feature in both new housing and as an addition to existing can function as an extension of living space,a solar heat store,a preheater for ventilation air or simply an adjunct greenhouse for balance it is considered that conservatories are a contributor to global warming since they are often the sunspace should be capable of being isolated from the main building to reduce heat loss in winter and excessive gain in area of glazing in the sunspace should be 20–30 per cent of the area of the room to which it is most adventurous sunspace so far encountered is in the Hockerton housing development which will feature later. Ideally the summer heat gain should be used to charge a seasonal thermal storage element to provide background warmth in winter. At the very least,air flow paths between the conservatory and the main building should be carefully controlled. Active solar thermal systems A distinction must be drawn between passive means of utilising the thermal heat of the sun, discussed earlier,and those of a more‘a(chǎn)ctive’nature Active systems take solar gain a step further than passive convert direct solar radiation into another form of collectors preheat water using a closed circuit emergence of Legionella has highlighted the need to store hot water at a temperature above 60 C which means that for most of the year in temperate climes active solar heating must be supplemented by some form of heating. Active systems are able to deliver high quality ,a penalty is incurred since energy is required to control and operate the system known as the ‘parasitic energy requirement’.A further distinction is the difference between systems using the thermal heat of the sun,and systems,such as photovoltaic cells, which convert solar energy directly into electrical power. For solar energy to realise its full potential it needs to be installed on a district basis and coupled with seasonal of the largest projects is at heat from 5600 m2 of solar collectors on the roofs of eight housing blocks containing 570 apartments is transported to a central heating unit or is then distributed to the apartments as heated living area amounts to 39 500 m2. Surplus summer heat is directed to the seasonal heat store which,in this case, is of the hot water variety capable of storing 12 000 scale of this storage facility is indicated by Figure . The heat delivery of the system amounts to 1915 MWh/year and the solar fraction is 47 per month by month ratio between solar and fossilbased energy indicates that from April to November inclusive,solar energy accounts for almost total demand,being principally domestic hot water. In places with high average temperatures and generous sunlight,active solar has considerable potential not just for heating water but also for electricity has particular relevance to less and least developed countries. 環(huán)境變化影響下的建筑學(xué) 房 屋設(shè)計(jì)中的低能耗技術(shù) 顯而易見(jiàn)，在工業(yè)化國(guó)家，最好的營(yíng)救機(jī)會(huì)依賴于建筑環(huán)境，因?yàn)椴徽撌窃谑褂玫慕ㄖ蛘呤窃诮ㄔO(shè)的建筑，都是最大的、單一的、間接地由化石燃料的燃燒所引起的碳排放的源頭，而這些站了所有排放的 50%。如果你加上為建造這些建筑在運(yùn)輸上所產(chǎn)生的碳排放，英國(guó)政府估計(jì)這個(gè)數(shù)字會(huì)上升到 75%。也就是在建成環(huán)境這個(gè)領(lǐng)域里，能夠簡(jiǎn)單的容納如此快速的改變卻不產(chǎn)生負(fù)面效果。事實(shí)上，升級(jí)建筑，特別是那些較老較舊的房子，將會(huì)營(yíng)造一個(gè)連鎖的良性循環(huán)。 施工系統(tǒng) 考慮到現(xiàn)在由全球性變暖以及非化石燃料使用機(jī)會(huì)所帶來(lái)的的挑戰(zhàn)。 現(xiàn)在就是最好的時(shí)機(jī)去解決能量方程式一邊的需求如何作用到這一挑戰(zhàn)。建成環(huán)境是所有能耗中最大的消費(fèi)者，在這里，住宅又以全英國(guó) 28%的二氧化碳排放居于桿位。 在英國(guó)，一直就有用石頭建設(shè)住宅的出傳統(tǒng)，并且從十九世紀(jì)二十年代早期開(kāi)始，這一習(xí)慣得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。這是為了使一個(gè)極濕的外表面能不至于和其內(nèi)表面存在物理上的連接，這樣，墻的聯(lián)系被分開(kāi)了，水也能夠通過(guò)防水通排向外面。自從把熱源控制引進(jìn)來(lái)以后，最初人們認(rèn)為的保護(hù)能源比保護(hù)星球更重要的理念，已經(jīng)被廣泛的在建筑洞口絕熱材料的使用上。在一段很長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間里，保護(hù)建筑 的洞口是被強(qiáng)制命令的，并且一場(chǎng)由傳統(tǒng)主義者發(fā)起的保護(hù)“圣所”的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)也已經(jīng)持續(xù)了很久。失敗最終被承認(rèn)，通過(guò) BRE的大量研究我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，填滿建筑的洞口并不會(huì)提高潮氣穿透建筑的奉獻(xiàn)，事實(shí)上，通過(guò)洞口的潮氣反而減少了。 帶有外部絕熱材料的砌體墻面被廣泛的在歐洲大陸實(shí)踐，在英國(guó)，他們甚至作為外立面的裝飾而使用。在康沃爾郡， PHA在面朝大海的地方用這種方法建了一棟住宅，肯能這就是最具挑戰(zhàn)的條件了。 砌體建筑的優(yōu)勢(shì)有： ●對(duì)于任何建筑公司而言，他都是一個(gè)熟悉并經(jīng)得住考驗(yàn)的技術(shù)。 ●他是一個(gè)使用壽命長(zhǎng)，并且通常情況下不會(huì)產(chǎn)生 毀滅性災(zāi)難的建筑形式，盡管他還不是很完善。幾年前，普利茅斯一所大學(xué)建筑的整個(gè)屋頂突然坍塌，經(jīng)調(diào)查，墻的連接部分被腐蝕是這一事故的緣由。 ●裸露的磚石結(jié)構(gòu)是一種低維護(hù)費(fèi)的系統(tǒng)，如果奏效的話，維護(hù)費(fèi)還會(huì)上升很大一部分。 ●從能效的角度考慮，如果其有高密度的砌體內(nèi)墻和混凝土樓板，砌體住宅本身較高的比熱還將有一個(gè)很大的提升。 框架建筑 大量住宅的建筑者開(kāi)始熱衷于采用有磚石外墻的木構(gòu)架建筑，這使得他們他們看起來(lái)和砌體建筑一樣。他的吸引力在于如果基礎(chǔ)在空閑的地區(qū)進(jìn)行建設(shè)，建筑速度將會(huì)非常的快。然而這一系統(tǒng)仍然有一個(gè)不幸 的