3消費(fèi)者行為-閱讀頁(yè)
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【正文】 Inc. ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. ?邊際效用 marginal utility (MU) ?額外增加一單位商品的消費(fèi)所獲得的總效用的增量 ?邊際效用遞減規(guī)律 diminishing marginal utility ?隨著一種商品的消費(fèi)越來(lái)越多，其邊際效用越來(lái)越小。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. ?邊際相等原則 equal marginal principle ?在每種商品上支出的最后一美元所帶來(lái)的邊際效用相等時(shí)，消費(fèi)者才能實(shí)現(xiàn)效用最大化。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. 對(duì)美國(guó)各收入群體間生活滿足程度的平均水平的比較表明，快樂(lè)隨著收入的增加而增加，但增速遞減。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. 汽油配給的低效率 ?當(dāng)一種商品是配給供應(yīng)的時(shí)候，其數(shù)量少于消費(fèi)者想要購(gòu)買(mǎi)的數(shù)量，消費(fèi)者的情況可能變壞。當(dāng)消費(fèi)者選擇無(wú)差異曲線 U2上的 C點(diǎn)，可消費(fèi) 5 000加侖的汽油。 配給 Rationing 48 of 40 Copyright 169。在配給和汽油價(jià)格為 1美元的條件下，他購(gòu)買(mǎi)了最大允許的數(shù)量 2023加侖，使自己處于無(wú)差異曲線 U1上。 ?如果汽油價(jià)格只是上升到，他就可以選擇 G點(diǎn)，位于 U1的右上方。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. Ideal CostofLiving Index ● costofliving index Ratio of the present cost of a typical bundle of consumer goods and services pared with the cost during a base period. ● ideal costofliving index Cost of attaining a given level of utility at current prices relative to the cost of attaining the same utility at baseyear prices. CostofLiving Indexes 50 of 40 Copyright 169。 her utilitymaximizing bination of food and books is at point A on indifference curve U1. Rachel requires a budget sufficient to purchase the foodbook consumption bundle given by point B on line l2 (and tangent to indifference curve U1). TABLE IDEAL COSTOFLIVING INDEX Price of books $20/book $100/bk Number of books 15 6 Price of food $$Pounds of food 100 300 Expenditure $500 $1260 2023 (RACHEL) 2023 (SARAH) COSTOFLIVING INDEXES FIGURE (1 of 2) 51 of 40 Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. Laspeyres Index ● Laspeyres price index Amount of money at current year prices that an individual requires to purchase a bundle of goods and services chosen in a base year divided by the cost of purchasing the same bundle at baseyear prices. COMPARING IDEAL COSTOFLIVING AND LASPEYRES INDEXES The Laspeyres index overpensates Rachel for the higher cost of living, and the Laspeyres costofliving index is, therefore, greater than the ideal costofliving index. 53 of 40 Copyright 169。 2023 Pearson Education, Inc. ? Microeconomics ? Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 8e. ● fixedweight index Costofliving index in which the quantities of goods and services remain unchanged. ● chainweighted price index Costofliving index that accounts for changes in quantities of goods and services. Price Indexes in the United States: Chain Weighting A mission chaired by Stanford University professor Michael Boskin concluded that the CPI overstated inflation by approximately percentage points—a significant amount given the relatively low rate of inflation in the United States in recent years. Approximately percentage points of the bias was due to the failure of the Laspeyres price index to account for changes in the current year mix of consumption of the products in the baseyear bundle. EXAMPLE THE BIAS IN THE CPI 55 of 40 Copyright 169。 , February 5, 2023 雨中黃葉樹(shù)，燈下白頭人。 :02:0305:02Feb235Feb23 1故人江海別，幾度隔山川。 :02:0305:02:03February 5, 2023 1他鄉(xiāng)生白發(fā)，舊國(guó)見(jiàn)青山。 。 2023年 2月 5日星期日 5時(shí) 2分 3秒 05:02:035 February 2023 1做前，能夠環(huán)視四周；做時(shí)，你只能或者最好沿著以腳為起點(diǎn)的射線向前。 , February 5, 2023 很多事情努力了未必有結(jié)果，但是不努力卻什么改變也沒(méi)有。 :02:0305:02Feb235Feb23 1世間成事，不求其絕對(duì)圓滿，留一份不足，可得無(wú)限完美。 :02:0305:02:03February 5, 2023 1意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人能把世界放在手中像泥塊一樣任意揉捏。 。 2023年 2月 5日星期日 5時(shí) 2分 3秒 05:02:035 February 2023 1空山新雨后，天氣晚來(lái)秋。 , February 5, 2023 閱讀一切好書(shū)如同和過(guò)去最杰出的人談話。 :02:0305:02Feb235Feb23 1越是無(wú)能的人，越喜歡挑剔別人的錯(cuò)兒。勝人者有力，自勝者強(qiáng)。 2023年 2月 5日星期日 上午 5時(shí) 2分 3秒 05:02: 1最具挑戰(zhàn)性的挑戰(zhàn)莫過(guò)于提升自我。 2023年 2月 5日星期日 5時(shí) 2分 3秒 05:02:035 February 2023 1一個(gè)人即使已登上頂峰，也仍要自強(qiáng)不
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