【正文】
火電廠事故減出力、水電廠事故切機(jī)、電氣制動(dòng)、水輪發(fā)電機(jī)自動(dòng)啟動(dòng)和調(diào)頻相改發(fā)電、抽水蓄能機(jī)組由抽水改發(fā)電、自動(dòng)解列等屬自動(dòng)操作型裝置。由于安全自動(dòng)裝置種類較多,本設(shè)計(jì)根據(jù)有關(guān)自動(dòng)裝置的內(nèi)容選擇以下自動(dòng)裝置:三相一次重合閘,提高供電可靠性自動(dòng)低頻減載裝置,防止電力系統(tǒng)因事故發(fā)生功率缺額時(shí)頻率的過(guò)度降低,保證了電力系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行和重要負(fù)荷正常工作自動(dòng)故障記錄裝置,用于分析電力系統(tǒng)事故,保護(hù)裝置和安全自動(dòng)裝置在事故過(guò)程中的動(dòng)作情況及迅速判定線路故障點(diǎn)的位置。避雷針是利用尖端放電原理,避免設(shè)置出所遭受雷擊。避雷針適用于保護(hù)細(xì)高的建筑物或構(gòu)筑物。在雷電時(shí)期,一般在避雷針接地裝置附近約10m的范圍內(nèi)是比較危險(xiǎn)的。埋在地下的接地體(角鋼或鋼管)用水平敷設(shè)與地下的扁鋼焊接起來(lái),構(gòu)成一個(gè)接地網(wǎng),這樣就可以使接地裝置附近的地面電位均勻分布,使跨步電壓降低。獨(dú)立避雷針應(yīng)設(shè)立獨(dú)立的接地裝置。將這些部分接地就能起到防雷的作用。避雷針可以裝在變電站或其他建筑物上,其接地裝置可以利用變電站范圍內(nèi)原有的接地裝置網(wǎng)。在接地引下線與接地網(wǎng)連接處在地上另打入幾根鐵管作為加強(qiáng)的集中接地裝置。已在相鄰建筑保護(hù)范圍內(nèi)的設(shè)備或建筑物,不需要再裝避雷針。選擇獨(dú)立避雷針的安裝地點(diǎn)時(shí),避雷針及其接地裝置與配電裝置之間應(yīng)保持以下距離,在地上,由獨(dú)立避雷針到配電裝置的導(dǎo)電部分之間,以及到變電所電氣設(shè)備與構(gòu)架接地部分之間的空氣隙一般不小于5m。裝設(shè)架空避雷針線及其他避雷針裝置作為變電所進(jìn)出線段的防雷保護(hù)。為此要求避雷器應(yīng)盡量靠近主變壓器安裝。為使上項(xiàng)保護(hù)段以外的線路受雷擊時(shí)侵入變電所內(nèi)的過(guò)電壓有所限制,一般可在架空避雷線的兩端裝設(shè)管型避雷器,其接地電阻不得大于。對(duì)于10kV以下的高壓配電線路進(jìn)出線段的防雷保護(hù),可以只裝設(shè)FZ型或FS型閥型避雷器,以保護(hù)線路斷路器及隔離開(kāi)關(guān)。變電所的進(jìn)出線段雖已采取防雷措施,且雷電波在傳播在傳播過(guò)程中也會(huì)逐漸衰減,但沿線路傳入變電所內(nèi)的部分,其過(guò)電壓對(duì)內(nèi)設(shè)備仍有一定危害。故在變壓器母線上,還應(yīng)裝設(shè)一組閥型避雷器進(jìn)行保護(hù)。為使任何運(yùn)行條件下,變電所內(nèi)的變壓器都能夠得到保護(hù),當(dāng)采用分段母線時(shí),其每段母線上都應(yīng)裝設(shè)閥型避雷器。這主要用在多雷區(qū)用來(lái)防止雷電波沿低壓線路侵入而擊穿電力變壓器的絕緣。需要注意的是,防雷系統(tǒng)的各種鋼材必須采用鍍鋅防銹鋼材,聯(lián)接方法要用焊接,圓鋼搭接長(zhǎng)度不小于6倍直徑,扁鋼搭接長(zhǎng)度不小于2倍寬度。獨(dú)立避雷針及其接地裝置,不應(yīng)裝設(shè)在行人經(jīng)常通行的地方。為了防止感應(yīng)雷的危害,應(yīng)使一切處于雷電流產(chǎn)生的電磁場(chǎng)內(nèi)延伸開(kāi)的金屬物件都有良好的閉合回路。對(duì)于建筑物內(nèi)有長(zhǎng)的并行敷設(shè)的導(dǎo)電物體如金屬管道的情況,若其間距較小也應(yīng)用金屬將其連接起來(lái)。除了直擊雷和感應(yīng)雷外,當(dāng)線路上受雷擊時(shí),雷電進(jìn)行波就會(huì)沿著線路向變電所襲來(lái),由于線路的絕緣水平較高,侵入變電所的雷電進(jìn)行波的幅值往往很高,就有可能使主變壓器和其他電氣設(shè)備發(fā)生絕緣損壞事故。對(duì)于未沿全線裝設(shè)避雷線的35kV到110kV的線路,為了保證變電所的安全,應(yīng)在變電所的進(jìn)線段1KM到2KM長(zhǎng)度內(nèi)應(yīng)采用避雷線保護(hù)。如果雷落在了保護(hù)線的首段,雷電波就會(huì)沿著線路侵入變電所。鋼搭和鋼筋混凝土桿鐵橫擔(dān)線路以及全線有避雷線的線路,其進(jìn)線段的首端可不裝設(shè)管型避雷器。對(duì)于35kV負(fù)荷不很重要且容量較小的變電所,采取簡(jiǎn)單化的防雷保護(hù)方式,對(duì)于絕緣正常的變壓器絕大部分還是可以保證安全運(yùn)行的,特別是在雷電不太強(qiáng)烈的地區(qū)采取簡(jiǎn)化的防雷保護(hù)方式,是可行的。架空進(jìn)線采用雙回路塔桿,有同時(shí)遭到雷擊的可能,在確定避雷器與主變壓器的最大電氣距離時(shí),應(yīng)按一路考慮,而且,在雷雨季節(jié)中應(yīng)避免將其中的一路斷開(kāi)。避雷針的位置確定,是變電所防雷設(shè)計(jì)的關(guān)鍵步驟。單根避雷針的保護(hù)范圍應(yīng)按下列公式確定: ()式中: —被保護(hù)物高度, —避雷針的高度, —每側(cè)保護(hù)范圍的寬度, —高度影響系數(shù),當(dāng),當(dāng)兩支等高避雷針保護(hù)范圍確定方法:兩針外側(cè)的保護(hù)范圍應(yīng)按單支避雷針的計(jì)算方法確定,兩針間的保護(hù)最低點(diǎn)高度應(yīng)按下式計(jì)算: ()式中:—兩針間保護(hù)最低點(diǎn)的高度 —兩避雷針間的距離兩針間在水平面上的保護(hù)范圍的一側(cè)的最小寬度按下式計(jì)算:當(dāng)時(shí),當(dāng)時(shí),式中保護(hù)范圍的一側(cè)最小寬度求出后就可以確定兩針間的保護(hù)范圍。在作防雷設(shè)計(jì)前,應(yīng)到當(dāng)?shù)貧庀蟛块T了解最新的當(dāng)?shù)啬昶骄妆┤諗?shù)和年平均雷暴次數(shù),以便確定計(jì)算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。充分利用進(jìn)線終端的高度,設(shè)計(jì)安裝避雷針。應(yīng)充分考慮跨步電壓的危險(xiǎn),建議避雷針到主控制的距離不小于10M,獨(dú)立避雷針距道路應(yīng)在3M以上。在設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)時(shí)和設(shè)備選型應(yīng)留有適當(dāng)?shù)脑6?。為防止雷電侵入波損設(shè)備,設(shè)備采用在110KV、10KV母線處裝設(shè)避雷器,本設(shè)計(jì)選擇的避雷器型號(hào)為:110kV母線及進(jìn)線上,.10kV母線上型。三個(gè)月的時(shí)間過(guò)的很充實(shí)。變電所的設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)思維創(chuàng)造與運(yùn)用的過(guò)程,我做到了學(xué)以致用,使設(shè)計(jì)思維在設(shè)計(jì)中得到鍛煉和發(fā)展。 在設(shè)計(jì)期間,自己動(dòng)手查閱了大量的資料,一方面,充分地檢驗(yàn)自己的設(shè)計(jì)能力,豐富了自己在電氣設(shè)計(jì)特別是變電站設(shè)計(jì)方面的知識(shí),為自己將來(lái)從事該專業(yè)工作打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ);另一方面,使我體會(huì)到了搞設(shè)計(jì)或科研需要具備嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)求實(shí),一絲不茍和勇于獻(xiàn)身的精神,這次的設(shè)計(jì),我最大的收獲就是學(xué)到了變電站的設(shè)計(jì)步驟與方法,還有學(xué)會(huì)了如何使用資料。我也將會(huì)在今后的工作和學(xué)習(xí)中不斷充實(shí)自己,不斷完善自己的專業(yè)知識(shí),為自身的發(fā)展打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ),由于所學(xué)的專業(yè)知識(shí)和時(shí)間有限,加上缺乏時(shí)間經(jīng)驗(yàn),在設(shè)計(jì)中難免出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤,敬請(qǐng)老師批評(píng)指正。s middle link, there is the function of transformation and allotment electric power.The transformer substation is a transformation electric voltage in the electric power system and accept and assign electric power and control the electric power facilities of flying to of electric power and adjustment electric voltage, it gets up the charged barbed wire net contact of the all levels electric voltage through its transformer. The transformer substation of our country electric power system is mostly divided into four major types: Rise to press a transformer substation, lord net transformer substation, two transformer substations, go together with an electricity station. Technique level and management level of our country electric power industry are gradually raising, make higher request to the design of substation, even needed us to raise the Knowledge prehension application level, hard treated.Present stage: Work well 25 developments programming pletely, speed charged barbed wire net point engineering construction, strengthen a business enterprise management management further, push forward three gather five greatly system construction, enlarge science and technology innovation and management innovation, continue to strengthen three construction.Electric power dint layout from pay attention to right on the spot balance is the change that turns an orchestration to the excellent larger scope to the whole country, electric power structure from excessive dependence coal electricity to raise a non fossil the energy generate electricity a specific weight change and push forward intensive turn a development and standardize construction, well develop the national charged barbed wire net turns in the electric power market, energy cleansing, economic low carbonization and life style modernization in of foundation function。s living standard, the request of the customer to the power supply quality raises day by day. The nation put forward to speed city net and agriculture net construction and reformation, pull inside need of development plan. The transformer substation is a transformation electric Voltage in the electric power system and accept and assign electric power and control the electric power facilities of flying to of electric power and adjustment electric Voltage, it gets up the charged barbed wire net contact of the all levels’ electric Voltage through its transformer and have in the electric power system to close an important function. In recent years the construction of the 110 kV transformer substation fast fierce development. The transformer substation design project of science can promote the power supply ability and adaptability of going together with the charged barbed wire net and lower to go together with charged barbed wire net to exhaust and power supply cost, reduce electric power facilities to cover a resources, embody the technique reformation of” increase to permit, rise to press, change generation, excellent turn passage way of thinking. The credibility that can increase system at the same time economizes to cover area and make the allocation of transformer substation attain the best, continuously raise economic efficiency and social efficiency.This design is controlling the foundation of transformer substation production line up finished. The passing it can review the relevant contents of making stronger the professional course and opened widely Knowledge noodles, strengthened engineering idea and foster the ability of transformer substation des