【正文】 結(jié)論通過(guò)對(duì)減壓裝置進(jìn)行物理建模，然后對(duì)模型精心數(shù)值模擬計(jì)算，繪制減壓裝置各斷面的壓力和速度圖，,減壓裝置其余屬性保持相同時(shí)得出以下結(jié)論：，壓力明顯降低；；在減壓裝置處，壓力下降幅度更大；，都是在減壓裝置所在區(qū)域壓強(qiáng)開(kāi)始下降；但是出口70mm的裝置比出口90mm的裝置減壓效果更好；參考文獻(xiàn)[1] 張紅霞. 可調(diào)式減壓消能裝置 [D].太原：太原理工大學(xué)，2009[2] 白丹，宋立勛，郭霖. 滴灌減壓消能件[D].西安：西安理工大學(xué)，2012[3] 徐志通，余雪松. 高層建筑壓力流雨水排水系統(tǒng)立管減壓消能裝置[R].北京：北京泰寧科創(chuàng)雨水利用技術(shù)股份有限公司[4] 曲景學(xué),楊永全,張建民,[J].四川大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(工程科學(xué)版),2001,(第3期). [5] 余挺,田忠,王韋,[J].水利學(xué)報(bào),2011,(第2期).[6] 付寧寧. 熱管在油浸式變壓器中溫度場(chǎng)分布的Fluent數(shù)值模擬[D].河北：河北工業(yè)大學(xué)[7] 王立新. 回路型重力熱管蒸發(fā)腔沸騰傳熱的FLUENT數(shù)值分析.[D].浙江：浙江大學(xué)[8] 胡俊明. 基于Fluent的波浪輻射與繞射問(wèn)題數(shù)值模擬研究.[D].哈爾濱：哈爾濱工程大學(xué)[9] 張萌萌. 基于FLUENT的北極海冰三維溫度場(chǎng)數(shù)值仿真和融化模擬.[D].武漢：武漢理工大學(xué)[10] 宮汝志. 汽輪發(fā)電機(jī)通風(fēng)冷卻風(fēng)扇CFD設(shè)計(jì)與優(yōu)化.[D].哈爾濱：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)[11] 張振江. 船舶CFD網(wǎng)格自動(dòng)生成技術(shù)的開(kāi)發(fā)及其應(yīng)用.[D].上海：上海交通大學(xué)[12] 王新龍. 輕烴外輸泵葉輪內(nèi)部流場(chǎng)的CFD模擬研究.[D].東北：東北石油大學(xué)[13] 曹應(yīng)佳. 基于FLUENT的波節(jié)管換熱器性能數(shù)值仿真及其結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化.[D].武漢：武漢理工大學(xué)[14] 郭春雨. 螺旋槳與舵附推力鰭相互干擾水動(dòng)力性能數(shù)值計(jì)算.[D].哈爾濱：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)[15] 高宏適. 數(shù)值模擬技術(shù)在金屬塑性加工中的應(yīng)用.[N]. 世界金屬導(dǎo)報(bào), 20121120[16] 劉凡. 油藏?cái)?shù)值模擬數(shù)模研究.[R]. 中國(guó)石油報(bào), 20100804[17] Arvay。 Benjamin. CFD analysis of UAVs using VORSTAB, FLUENT, and advanced aircraft analysis software.[D]. The University of Kansas[19] Dakin?；厥准韧?，自己一生最寶貴的時(shí)光能于這樣的校園之中，能在眾多學(xué)富五車、才華橫溢的老師們的熏陶下度過(guò)，實(shí)是榮幸之極。這除了自身努力外，與各位老師、同學(xué)和朋友的關(guān)心、支持和鼓勵(lì)是分不開(kāi)的論文的寫(xiě)作是枯燥艱辛而又富有挑戰(zhàn)的。在此，我特別要感謝我的導(dǎo)師張老師、孫老師以及秦師兄和李師兄。沒(méi)有張老師、孫老師的辛勤栽培、孜孜教誨，以及兩位師兄的指導(dǎo)和改正，就沒(méi)有我論文的順利完成。最后要感謝我的家人以及我的朋友們對(duì)我的理解、支持、鼓勵(lì)和幫助，正是因?yàn)橛辛怂麄?，我所做的一切才更有意義；也正是因?yàn)橛辛怂麄?，我才有了追求進(jìn)步的勇氣和信心。懇請(qǐng)閱讀此篇論文的老師、同學(xué)，多予指正，不勝感激！外文原文SAND EROSION MODEL IMPROVEMENT FOR ELBOWS IN GAS PRODUCTION,MULTIPHASE ANNULAR AND LOWLIQUID FLOWCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW This chapter outlines the literature reviews as follows. First, backgrounds of the mechanism of solid particle erosion as well as the erosion model used in this work are presented. Secondly, a general overview of multiphase annular and lowliquid flows with emphasis on literature associated with modeling in vertical and horizontal flows is presented. Thirdly, the literature associated with previous large and smallscale erosion xperimental work in singlephase and multiphase flow conditions is presented. Fourthly, the literature associated with experimental characterization of multiphase flows in pipelines and elbows is presented with emphasis on the use of WireMesh Sensors(WMS). Finally, a summary of the factors affecting sand erosion in annular and lowliquid flow conditions is presented Mechanism and Modeling of Solid Particle Erosion Solid Particle ErosionThe process by which wall material is removed due to particle impacts is referred to as solid particle erosion. Erosion is different from wear in that there is a fluid contribution to the mechanical action that is producing wear.The mechanism of erosion is very much dependent on the process parameters involved. Properties of the impacting particles, target materials and environment have a major influence on the mechanism of erosion. In the literature, various schools of thought exist for the mechanism of erosion. For the erosion of ductile metals, Finnie (1958) and Bitter (1963) reported that, at oblique impact, erosion occurs by the cutting action of the particle irrespective of its shape and size. Hutchings (1979) agreed with the cutting mechanism at oblique impact。 the mass flow of abrasive(Pm ? ) indicates that the more particles that strike the target, the more the damage。 however, after a critical size which is reported to be 100 181。 Tilly and Sage, 1970). A plimentary approach to erosional damage mitigation is that of the operational control that sets limits on the production velocities of particle laden production fluids. Much effort has been focused on that very determination by many researchers for many years. The American Petroleum Institute (API) released in 1975 the API RP 14E document that provided guidance on the permissible velocity of production fluids that are solid free and noncorrosive so as to avoid erosion damages。 however, the models were only valid for certain conditions and based on limited experimental data. The Erosion/Corrosion Research Center (E/CRC) at The University of Tulsa developed an erosion prediction model for use over a broad range of operating conditions that accounted for geometry type, size, and material。 and sand size, shape, and density. This model is described in more detail in the following section. E/CRC Erosion Model Shirazi et al. (1995) reported an algorithm to calculate erosion rates in a more mechanistic approach for a wider range of elbow and tee sizes which relied heavily on putational fluid dynamics for its development. The model putes the maximum penetration rate in steel elbows by applying: The above mentioned equation presented by McLaury and Shirazi (2000) takes intc onsideration several factors for erosion prediction. The relation was developed based on extensive empirical information gathered at the Erosion/Corrosion Research Center and data gathered at the Texas Aamp。. Bridging the gap between this geometry and that of an elbow or tee was the introduction o the concept of the equivalent stagnation length. As a particle approaches the boundary, that is the pipe wall, its normal velocity to that surface will decrease until it reaches zero, however some particles with sufficient momentum will strike that surface with some velocity before obtaining that normal velocity of zero. The distance between the point where the particle’s normal velocityy begins to reduce and the wall is defined as the stagnation length. Selection of the equivalent stagnation length targets equivalence between that length and the length of the normal impingement scenario that results in similar erosion rates. This stagnation length concept is shown schematically in Figure : Multiphase Annular Flow and LowLiquid Flow (LLF) Regimes Annular and LowLiquid Flow Conditions in Vertical Pipes Gasliquid twophase flow involves the simultaneous and interacting flow of gas and liquid. This type of flow is an extremely plex phenomenon