【正文】 nson poems were written for. That isthey were written for the knights and the lordsthe nobility that they served. The poems were song performed by a minsstrola, a singer who travelled from castle to castle, singing to its local lord and its knights. Ah… well, w ould someone summarize the main features of the Chanson poems you read? Student: Well, there’s a hero, and a knight, who goes to battle, and he is inspired for his courage, bravery and loyalty, loyalty to the royalty serves, his country and his fellow warriors in the field. He’s a, he has a, he’s a skilled fighter, willing to face the most extreme dangers, sacrificial, willing that sacrifice anything and everything to protect his king and country. Professor: Ok, now be given that the intended audiences for these poems were knights and lords. What can we say about the purpose of Chanson poetry? What kinds of feelings were it meant to provoke? Student: I guess they must been really appealing to those knights and lords who were listening to them. Hearing the songs probably made them feel more patriotic, made them feel like a good noble thing to serve their countries, and whatever way they could. Professor: Good, we’ve got a pretty good picture of what the Chanson hero was like. Now let’s pare that to the hero in the other poem. The other poem is an example what’s called Romance Poetry. And the hero in the romance poems was also in knight. But what made the knight in Romance Poetry different from the knight in Chanson poetry. Well, first the purpose of the hero’s actions was different. The hero in the Romance Poetry is independent, purely solitary in a way, not like the Chanson poet who was always surrounded by his fighting panions. He doesn’t engage in the conflict to protect his lords or country. He does it for the sake of adventure, to improve himself, to show his worthy of respect and love for his lady. He’s very conscious of the particular rules of social behavior he has to live up to somehow. And all of those actions are for the purpose of proving that he is an upright moral, wellmannered, well behaved individual. You may have noticed that in Chanson’s poetry there isn’t much about the hero’s feelings. The focus is on the actions, the deeds. But the Romance Poetry describes a lot of the inner feelings, the motivations, psychology you could say, of the knight trying to improve himself, to better himself, so he’s worthy the love of a woman. What it explains this difference? Well, a digging into the historical context tells us a lot. Romance Poetry emerged few generations after Chanson, and its roots were in geographical regions of France that were er, where conflict wasn’t central to people’s lives. More peaceful times meant there was more time for education, travel, more time for reflection. Another name for Romance Poetry that’s often synonym with it is troubadour poetry. Troubadours were the authors of the new romance poems. And we know a lot more about the troubadours than we do about the Chanson authors, because they often had small biographical sketches added to their poems that gives more specific information about their social status, geographical location and small outlines of their career. These information wasn’t particularly reliable because they were sometimes based on fictitious stories, great adventure or the scrape together from parts of the different poems. But there is enough to squeeze or infer some facts about their social class. The political climates have settle down enough so that troubadours had the luxury being able to spend most if not all of their time, creating, crafting or posing their love songs for their audiences. And yes these poems were also songs。ve learned from them about the formation of earth, and solar system. Uh… the thing is what39。m going a bit out of a boarder here…umm…I39。ll e back later and do that. From now, I39。re posed mostly of rocky materials and metals. Far from the sun, in the outer solar system, beyond Jupiter39。s from meteoroids that we get meteors and meteorites. Roids are, for the most part anyway, they are just smaller bits of asteroids and ets. When these bits enter earth’s atmosphere, well, that makes them so special that they get a special name. They39。ve been finding meteorites on earth for thousands of years, and we39。re mixtures of minerals. They are generally classified into three broad categoriesstones, stony irons and irons. Stone meteoroids, which we refer to simply as, uh, stones, are almost entirely rock material. They actually account for almost all of the meteorite material that falls to earth. But even so, it39。s easier to find an iron meteorite or stony iron. Anyone guess why? Look at their names. What do you think iron meteorites consist of? Student: Mostly iron? Professor: Yeah… iron and some nickel, both of which are metals . And, if you39。s part of it. Stone meteoroids, if they lie around exposed to the weather for a few years, well, they39。s hard to spot them by eye. But we can use metal detectors to help us find the others, and they39。ll be...the