【正文】 態(tài)等。所以，復(fù)合詞是“由多于一個以上的詞干組成的，而且語法和語義功能為單個詞的詞匯單位”4 Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects: 1). Phonetic features In pounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the pound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases 2). Semantic features Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every pound should express a single idea just as one word. 3). Grammatical features A pound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective. In adjectivenoun pounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes. ：
1 ）語音特點(diǎn)。復(fù)合詞在語義統(tǒng)一性上與自由詞組存在差異。
3 ）語法特點(diǎn)。但在在形容詞名詞類復(fù)合詞中，其形容詞部分不能有詞尾變化。這些詞在語法意義上是新詞。一般認(rèn)為，轉(zhuǎn)類法是單詞不添加詞綴而直接轉(zhuǎn)化為一個新詞的派生構(gòu)詞的過程。6 Many simple nouns convened from verbs can be used with have, take, make, give etc. to form phrases to replace the verb or denote a brief action. Words like handout, standby, layby, teachin, shutdown are all converted from phrasal verbs. 許多從動詞轉(zhuǎn)換來的簡單名詞都可與have,take,make,give等詞一起構(gòu)成詞組來代替單個動詞或指一個一般動作；而像handout, standby, layby, teachin, shutdown等詞都是從短語動詞轉(zhuǎn)換來的。有些是完全轉(zhuǎn)換，有些則是部分轉(zhuǎn)換。可以在其前加不定冠詞表單數(shù)，或在其后加（e）s表復(fù)數(shù)。由形容詞部分轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞的詞不具有名詞的所有特點(diǎn)。 8 Blending is the formation of new words by bining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau words. 拼綴法是通過合并兩個詞的某些部分或一個詞與另外一個詞的另一部分相加起來構(gòu)成新詞。The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns。很少為動詞，是形容詞的則更是少之又少。9 Another mon way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping. 9 另一個常見的構(gòu)詞法時將原詞的一部分截去，只用剩下來的一部分構(gòu)成新詞，這種方法叫截短法。以這種方法構(gòu)成的詞根根據(jù)其讀音不同又分別叫做首字母縮略詞和首字母拼音詞。Letters represent full words: VOA Voice of America。字母代表復(fù)合詞的組成部分或一個單詞的組成部分Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. Some acronyms are formed with the initial letter of the first word plus the whole of the second, Nbomb nuclear bomb 。有些首字母拼音詞是取第一個詞的首字母在加第二個詞的整個詞構(gòu)成的，如：Nbomb nuclear bomb(原子彈) 11 Backformation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. Words created through backformation are mostly verbs. 逆生法被認(rèn)為是后綴法的隊(duì)里過程。12 Modern English has a large number of words which e from proper nouns. They include names of people, names of places, names of books and trade names.現(xiàn)代英語中有大量由專有名詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的普通名詞。 Chapter 51 – Words are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference. Reference is the relationship between language and the world.詞只是符號，許多詞只有獲得所指后才有意義。他們都直接與所指相關(guān)，都是詞的概念，但屬于不同的范疇。概念對所有人類都一樣，沒有文化、種族、語言等方面的區(qū)別，而意義只屬于語言范疇，所以僅限于語言的使用中。3 Generally speaking, the meaning of ‘meaning’ is perhaps what is termed ‘sense’. Unlike reference, ‘sense’ denotes the relationships inside the language. Every word thathas meaning has sense (not every word has reference)一般說來，‘意義39。不想所指，“語義”著的是語言內(nèi)部的關(guān)系。4 Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 理據(jù)討論的是指由詞的概念意義所暗指的聯(lián)想意義。因?yàn)檫@些詞是通過模仿自然聲音的方式創(chuàng)造出來的。2)Morphological Motivation: Compounds and derived Words are multimorphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes bined. Quite often, if one knows the meaning of each morpheme, namely affix or stem, one can figure out the meaning of the word. 形態(tài)理據(jù)：復(fù)合詞和派生詞是多語素詞，而且其中大多數(shù)詞的意義是組合詞素的總和。3）Semantic Motivation: Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. 語義理據(jù)：是指由詞的概念意義所暗示的聯(lián)想意義。4）Etymological Motivation: The meanings of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explains the meaning of the ：很多詞的意義經(jīng)常直接與其來源直接相關(guān)。5 Wordmeaning is not monogeneous but a posite consisting of different parts. These are known in familiar terms as different types of meaning.詞義并非是成分單一的，而是由不同部分組合的復(fù)合物。 6 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs), singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. On the other hand, the same word may have different grammatical meanings. Lexical meaning itself has two ponents: conceptual meaning and associative meaning. 語法意義是指單詞意義的一部分，顯示語法概念或關(guān)系，如單詞的詞性（名詞，動詞，形容詞，副詞），名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)意義，動詞時態(tài)意義和屈折形式（forget，forgets，forgot，forgotten，forgetting）。詞義本身有兩個組成部分：概念意義和聯(lián)想意義。 Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is openended and indeterminate. It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc. Associative meaning prises four types: connotative, stylistic, affective, and collocative. 聯(lián)想意義是附加于概念意義上的第二重意義。概念意義易受文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)、宗教、地域、階級背景、教育等因素的影響，聯(lián)想意義包括4種類型：內(nèi)涵意義、文體意義、感情意義和搭配意義。與外延意義相對的，內(nèi)涵意義是指由概念意義所暗示的儲蓄意義或聯(lián)想意義，傳統(tǒng)上稱作內(nèi)涵。2)Stylistic meaning. Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts. This stylistic difference is especially true of synonyms. it is observed that there are few words which have both the same conceptual meaning and stylistic meaning. Martin Joos in his book The Five Clocks suggests five degreees of formality: ‘frozen’, ‘formal’, ‘consultative’, ‘casual’ and ‘intimate’。除了其概念意義外，許多詞帶有文體特征，這使它們適合于不同的語境。文體差異對同義詞而言尤其如此。馬丁 裘斯在其《五只鐘》這個書中提出5中等級的正式程度：刻板、正式、磋商、隨便、親密。3)Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or pejorative. 感情