【正文】 ing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart. 15. While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same. 16. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum. 17. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England39。1. Only the last of these was suited at all to the continuous operating of machines, and although waterpower abounded in Lancashire and Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills, it had one great disadvantage：Streams flowed where nature intended them to and waterdriven factories had to be located on their banks whether or not the location was desirable for other reasons.2. Early in the century, a pump had e into use in which expanding steam raised a piston(活塞) in a cylinder(汽缸)，and atmospheric pressure brought it down again when the steam condensed inside the cylinder to form a vacuum．3. The final step came when steam was introduced into the cylinder to drive the piston backward as well as forward thereby increasing the speed of the engine and cutting its fuel consumption.4. Coal gas rivaled smoky oil lamps and flickering candles, and early in the new century, well—to—do Londoners grow accustomed to gaslights houses and even streets. 5. Iron manufacturers which had starved for fuel while depending on charcoal also benefited from everincreasing supplies of coal。 blast furnaces with steampowered bellows turned out more iron and steel for the new machinery．6. At the same time, operators of the first printing presses run by steam rather than by hand found it possible to produce a thousand pages in an hour rather than thirty．7. In some industrial regions, heavily laden wagons，with flanged wheels，were being hauled by horses along metal rails。s earth into relative temporal sequence. 18. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or300 million years laterin the Jurassic strata but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.19. The sheer passage of time does not account for it。 the lifelike reproduction of the monplace motion of trains, of waves striking the shore, and of people walking in the street。s relationship with the image was no longer private, as it had been with earlier peepshow devices such as the Kinetoscope and the Mutoscope, which was a similar machine that reproduced motion by means of successive images on individual photographic cards instead of on strips of celluloid. 57. At the same time, the image that the spectator looked at expanded from the minuscule peepshow dimensions of 1 or 2 inches (in height) to the lifesize proportions of 6 or 9 feet.58. Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation.59. Because aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subsequent generations.60. One is that people39。s motives.64. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.65. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.66. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity.67. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace.68. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized。s strength collapsed.70. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers39。s primary function. 83. These are problems that must be overe by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his or her conception of the work.84. In other words, the demands of the laws of physics, not the sculptor39。s virtue by encouraging speculation and the desire for sudden, unearned wealth.89. They wanted the wealth that the market offered without the petitive, changing society。 the dominance of urban centers。39。s crust and can displace enough rock to produce Block Mountains.108. The exposed rocks are attacked by the various weather processes and gradually broken down into fragments, which are then carried away and later deposited as sediments.109. Rain washes away loose soil and penetrates cracks in the rocks.110. Glaciers may form in permanently cold areas, and these slowly moving masses of ice cut out valleys, carrying with them huge quantities of eroded rock debris.111. By far the most abundant type of groundwater is meteoric water。 such beds are sometimes thousands of meters thick.119. In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river that has since bee buried by soil。 also, parts of the original grains may bee dissolved by percolating groundwater, either while consolidation is taking place or at any time afterwards.121. But note that porosity is not the same as permeability, which measures the ease with which water can flow through a material。 but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overe the force of surface tension holding them in plac