experimentalmethodandstatisticalreasoninginpsychology：在心理學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和統(tǒng)計(jì)推理-閱讀頁(yè)
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【正文】 cs. That is, as the amount of time spent playing violent video games increased, aggression scores on personality tests increased. ? In contrast, a negative correlation is one in which the two variables move in opposite directions: As one factor decreases, the other increases. For example, Anderson and Dill found that there was a negative correlation of .20 between the amount of time spent playing video games and academic achievement, as measured by cumulative college gradepoint average. As the amount of time spent playing video games increased, college gradepoint average decreased. The Correlational Study Experimental method The experimental method is a research method used to demonstrate a causeandeffect relationship between changes in one variable and the effect that is produced on another variable. Conducting an experiment involves deliberately varying one factor, which is called the independent variable. The researcher then measures the changes, if any, that are produced in a second factor, called the dependent variable. The dependent variable is so named because changes in it depend on variations in the independent variable. To the greatest degree possible, all other conditions in the experiment are held constant. Thus, when the data are analyzed, any changes that occur in the dependent variable can be attributed to the deliberate variations of the independent variable. In this way, an experiment can demonstrate a causeandeffect relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Limitations of Experiments ? The strength of a welldesigned experiment is that it can provide convincing evidence of a causeandeffect relationship between the independent and dependent variables. ? Experiments do have limitations, however. Because experiments are often conducted in highly controlled laboratory situations, they are frequently criticized for having little to do with actual behavior. That is, the artificial conditions of some experiments may produce results that do not generalize well, meaning that the results cannot be applied to real situations or to a more general population beyond the participants in the study. Limitations of Experiments ? In order to make experimental conditions less artificial, experiments are sometimes conducted in a natural setting rather than in a laboratory. ? Another limitation of the experimental method is that even when it is possible to create the conditions that the researchers want to study, it may be uhical to do so. The most spread personality tests ? Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) ? Eysenck Personality questionnaire (EPQ): ? Rorschach Inkblot test ? Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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