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ation. The main vehicle controller then integrates functions, such as settings for multiple drivers and so on, around the MCU module. Another example of such simple control systems is a stepper MCU IC that manages a stepper motor, and may operate under the supervision of another part of the system. Realworld applications A more sophisticated system, where greater performance is needed, can use a smarter algorithm in a programmable processor to improve system performance and reduce system cost. For example, a vector control algorithm enables an induction motor to perform the sharp and precise motion profiles needed in a washing machine. Positioning servomotors used in assembly lines face demanding requirements due to the dynamic specifications needed and system variability. Control for motors in these conditions can only be achieved through the instantaneous monitoring and adjustment of rotor speed and positioning, and an effective means of generating torque. Scalar motor control techniques are limited in the dynamic performance they offer. To work 6 around this problem, system designers often have to overspecify the motor to ensure that the controlled motor can handle all the torque transients (under the control of a lessthanoptimal controller), and meet the dynamic specifications. Vector control The central element of the strategy behind vector control is to keep the stator and rotor fluxes at 90176。s mathematical processing capability suits control schemes that eliminate mechanical sensors. Such techniques use sophisticated mathematical algorithms that estimate the mechanical quantities, such as rotor flux angles, in software. These algorithms are putation intensive, and need a highperformance numerical engine. This is another example of how processing capability translates into cost savings and system simplification. Processing simplification A typical motor control system uses power flow to the motor to control the speed or position of the motor39