【正文】 sisted by the administration information system, and its good or bad directly affects living and the development up the business. The MIS is impeding the orientation development that the administration means one another unites through quality and ration. This express to utilize the administration in the calculation with the different mathematical model the problem in the quantitative analysis business. The past administer that the problem is difficult to test, but MIS may unite the administration necessaries, and supply the sufficient data, and simulates to produce the term in the interest of the administration. In the wake of the development of MIS, much business sit up the decentralized message concentration to establish the information system ministry of directly under director, and the chief of information system ministry is ordinarily in the interest of assistant manager’s grade. After the authority of business is centralized up highquality administration personnel staff’s hand, as if causing much sections office work decrease, hence someone prophesy, middle layer management shall vanish. In reality, the reappearance phase employed layer management among the information system queen not merely not to decrease, on the contrary there being the increase a bit. This is for, although the middle layer management personnel staff getting off exonerate out through loaded down with trivial details daily routine, yet needs them to analyses researching work in the way of even more energy, lift further admonishing the decision of strategic importance level. In the wake of the development of MIS, the business continuously adds to the demand of high technique a talented person, but the scarce thing of capability shall be washed out gradually. This pels people by means of study and cultivating, and continuously lifts individual’s quality. In The wake of the news dispatch and electric work and file transmission system development, business staff member is on duty in many being living inparably either the home. Having caused that corporation save the expenses enormously, the work efficiency obviously moves upward American Rank Zeros corporation the office system on the , in the interest of the creativity of raise office personnel staff was produced the advantageous term. At the moment many countries are fermenting one kind of more welldeveloped manufacturing industry strategy, and bee quickly manufacturing the business. It pletely on the basis of the user requirement anization design together with manufacture, may carry on the largescale cooperation in the interest of identical produce by means of the business that the flow was shifted the distinct districts, and by means of the once more programming to the machinery with to the resources and the reanization of personnel staff , constituted a fresh affrication system, and causes that manufacturing cost together with lot nearly have nothing to do with. Quickly manufacturing the business establishes a whole pletely new strategy dependence relation against consumer, and is able to arouse the structure of production once more revolution. The management information system is towards the selfadoption and Selflearning orientation development, the decision procedure of imitation man who is be able to be better. Some entrepreneurs of the west vainly hope that consummate MIS is encircles the magic drug to govern the business all kinds of diseases。 MIS 是一門新的學(xué)科，它跨越了若干個(gè)領(lǐng)域，比如管理科學(xué)、系統(tǒng)科學(xué)、運(yùn)籌學(xué)、統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)以及計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)。 1．管理信息系統(tǒng)概述 20 世紀(jì)，隨著全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的蓬勃發(fā)展，眾多經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家紛紛提出了新的管理理論。同時(shí)期的維娜發(fā)表了控制論，他認(rèn)為管理是一個(gè)控制過程。這個(gè)時(shí)期，計(jì)算機(jī)開始用于會(huì)計(jì)工作。 1970 年， Walter 給剛剛出現(xiàn)的管理信息系統(tǒng)一詞下了一個(gè)定義：“以扣頭或書面的形式，在合適的時(shí)間向經(jīng)理、職員以及外界人員提供過去的、現(xiàn)在的、預(yù)測(cè)未來的有關(guān)企業(yè)內(nèi)部及其環(huán)境的信息，以幫助他們進(jìn)行決策”。 1985 年，管理信息系統(tǒng)的創(chuàng)始人，名尼蘇達(dá)大學(xué)的管理學(xué)教授 Gordon 給了管理信息系統(tǒng)一個(gè)較為完整的定義，即“管理信息系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)利用計(jì)算機(jī)軟硬件資源以及數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的人 機(jī)系統(tǒng)?！? 這個(gè)定義全面的說明了管理信息系統(tǒng)的目標(biāo)、功能和組成，而且反映了管理信息系統(tǒng)在當(dāng)時(shí)達(dá)到的水平。 第二階段是數(shù)據(jù)更新系統(tǒng)，其典型代表是美國(guó)航空公司于 20 世紀(jì) 50 年代建成的SABRE 預(yù)約訂票系統(tǒng)。它的操作比較復(fù)雜，在任何“點(diǎn)” 都可以查到某一航班是 否有空座位。因而它也是管理信息系統(tǒng)的低級(jí)階段。比如生產(chǎn)狀況報(bào)告系統(tǒng)，它的典型代表是 IBM 公司的生產(chǎn)管理系統(tǒng)。為了保證生產(chǎn)以及其他環(huán)節(jié)的順利進(jìn)行，必須要有一個(gè)以計(jì)算機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)的生產(chǎn)狀態(tài)報(bào)告系統(tǒng)。 1968 年，公司又建立了公用制造信息系統(tǒng) CMIS,運(yùn)行很成功，過去需要 15 周的工作，該系統(tǒng)只用 3 周就可以完成。數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)一般不能提供決策信息。該系統(tǒng)可以計(jì)劃、分析方案，審查解答和求解的誤差。它一般包括一些模型用以產(chǎn)生決策信息，但不強(qiáng)調(diào)全面的管理功能。當(dāng)建立了企業(yè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，有了計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)從而達(dá)到數(shù)據(jù)共享后，從系統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)，實(shí)施全局規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)信息系統(tǒng)時(shí)，就達(dá)到了管理信息系統(tǒng)階段。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和人們對(duì)系統(tǒng)的需求進(jìn)一步提高，人們更加強(qiáng)調(diào)管理信息系統(tǒng)能否支持企業(yè)高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的決策這一功能，更側(cè)重于企業(yè)外部信息的收集、綜合數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、模型庫(kù)、方法庫(kù)、和其它人 工智能工具能否直接面向決策者，這是決策支持系統(tǒng) (DDS)的任務(wù)。到目前， MIS 在世界各國(guó)已經(jīng)有了相當(dāng)?shù)钠占奥?，幾乎覆蓋了各個(gè)行業(yè)及各部門。 ? 信息是決策的依據(jù)， MIS 隨時(shí)為經(jīng)理提供信息服務(wù)。 由于以上的變化。不僅大中型企業(yè)普遍建立了自己的 MIS,一些小型企業(yè)也不例外，普遍建立了公用數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，如電子郵件、電子數(shù)據(jù)交換等，尤其是近年來 INTERNET 的飛速發(fā)展， INTRANET 技術(shù)的應(yīng)用，為企業(yè) MIS 提供了良好的支持環(huán)境 。 (IDDS) 充分考慮了企業(yè)高層人員的要求和工作特點(diǎn)，將把中層管理人員的服務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)向?yàn)榻?jīng)理的決策服務(wù)。 (AM) 一種有遠(yuǎn)見的企業(yè)管理模式，其特點(diǎn)是職工素質(zhì)高，組織機(jī)構(gòu)精簡(jiǎn)、多功能小組效率高、信息存放靈活、響應(yīng)客戶要求迅速。管理信息系統(tǒng)可以輔助決策，特別是戰(zhàn)略決策，它的好壞直接影響到企業(yè)的生存和發(fā)展。這表現(xiàn)在管理中運(yùn)用預(yù)測(cè)和各種數(shù)學(xué)模型 來定量分析企業(yè)中的問題。 隨著 MIS 的發(fā)展，許多企業(yè)把分散的信息集中起來成立了直屬經(jīng)理的信息系統(tǒng)部，信息系統(tǒng)部的負(fù)責(zé)人一般為副經(jīng)理級(jí)。實(shí)際上，再現(xiàn)階段用了信息系統(tǒng)后中層管理不僅沒有減少，反而稍有增加。隨著 MIS 的發(fā)展，企業(yè)對(duì)高技術(shù)人才的需求不斷增加，而能力不足者將逐步被淘汰。隨著通訊、網(wǎng)絡(luò)和文檔傳輸系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，企業(yè)職員可以在遠(yuǎn)地或家中上班。施樂公司 (Rank Zerox)的網(wǎng)上辦公系統(tǒng)，已經(jīng)使該公司大大節(jié)省了開支，工作效率明顯上升，為提高辦公人員的創(chuàng)造性創(chuàng)造了優(yōu)越的條 件。它完全根據(jù)用戶需求來組織設(shè)計(jì)與生產(chǎn)，可以通過信息流調(diào)動(dòng)不同地域的企業(yè)為同一個(gè)產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行大協(xié)作，通過對(duì)機(jī)器的重新編程和對(duì)資源、 人員的重新組織，構(gòu)成了一個(gè)新的制造系統(tǒng)，使得生產(chǎn)成本與批量幾乎無關(guān)。 管理信息系統(tǒng)正在朝著自適應(yīng)、自學(xué)習(xí)的方向發(fā)展，也就是能更好的模擬人的決策過程。了解 MIS 對(duì)企業(yè)的影響，有利于我們?cè)陂_發(fā)和研究工作中，使企業(yè)的組織機(jī)構(gòu)、管理體制和管理方法更好的與 MIS 的發(fā)展相適應(yīng)，建立更有效的 MIS。(2) a modeling and manipulation subsystem that provides the means with which to anize the data and to add , delete, maintain, and update the data。 Managers: who require more uptodata information to make effective decision Customers: who demand increasingly sophisticated information services and more current information about the status of their orders, invoices, and accounts. Users: who find that they can develop custom applications with database systems in a fraction of the time it takes to use traditional programming languages. Organizations : that discover information has a strategic v