【正文】
olid mechanics and biomechanics of research, not only relates to the medical, sports, and has been deeply concerned traffic safety, aerospace, military , tissueand genetic engineeringAlso known as gene splicing technique and DNA rebinant technology, is based on molecular genetics as the theoretical basis, to the modern method of molecular biological and microbiological methods, the different sources of gene according to preliminary design blueprint, in vitro, hybrid DNA molecules, and then into living cells, production of new products to change the genetic characteristics, biological original gain the new varietiesThe use of genetic engineering technology, not only can the crops with high quality, high yield, good resistance and livestock, poultry breed new varieties, but also cultivateplants and animals, with special in agricultureTransgenic fishTransgenic fish fast growth, resistance to adverse environment, good cattleTransgenic bovine milk containing human growth hormonecucumber bacterial wilt resistance gene in sweet pepperturn the fish cold tolerance gene in Tomatocucumber resistance gene to bacterial wilt of potatodo not cause GM soy allergiessuper animalIntroduction of storage protein gene super sheep and super mousespecial animalInto human gene with special usage of pigs and miceinsect resistant cottonBacillus thuringiensis toxin proteins can be synthesized to kill bollworm, this part of the gene into cotton cells in vitro tissue culture, then can obtain transgenic protectionDNA gene probe project made can very sensitively detect viruses in the environment, bacterial organism cultivated by means of gene engineering can be very sensitive to reflect the situation of the environmental pollution, is not easy because of environmental pollution and a large number of deaths, even also can absorb and transformation of engineering to make the ”super bacteria“ can devour and deposition of a variety of environmental pollution(usually a bacterium can only depose a hydrocarbon, petroleum by using gene engineering breeding success of the ”super bacteria can depose a plurality of hydrocarbons in of them can devour the transformation of mercury, cadmium and other heavy metals, DDT deposition and other toxic substances.)Genetic engineering drug production:Microbial growth is rapid, easy to control, and is suitable for largescale industrial the gene into the microbial cell corresponding medicine position, allowing them to generate the corresponding drug, can not only solve the problem of output, but also reduce the cost of productionGenetic engineering of insulinGenetic engineering interferonOther genetic engineering drugsArtificial blood, interleukin, such as hepatitis B vaccine by gene engineering realization of industrialized production, for the release of human sufferings, play a significant role in improving the health level of diagnosis and gene therapyGene therapy is the normal in vivo gene into the patient, so that the expressionproduct of the gene function, so as to achieve the purpose of treating disease, this is the most effective means of treatment of genetic method is: gene replacement, gene repair, gene amplification and gene inactivationArtificial organsArtificial joint, artificial cardiac pacemaker, artificial heart, artificial liver, artificial lung has been applied in clinical。s appearance and various parts of the body, and then enhance the body39。type laser and electromagnetic kinds of treatment equipment provides treatment and surgical operation new means the family health, and promote the development of the artificial heart。artificial kidney blood purification technology to maintain a number of one hundred thousand renal failure patients。biomechanics research deepened the understanding of the formation mechanism of serious harm to human health of arteriosclerosis and thrombosis, provides the basis for the design of artificial organs for the prevention and control of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and artificial heart valves, artificial blood vessels and the like。本文綜述了生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的發(fā)生發(fā)展過程、研究內(nèi)容、研究現(xiàn)狀及其在軍事中的廣泛應(yīng)用。它運(yùn)用現(xiàn)代自然科學(xué)和工程技術(shù)的原理和方法,從工程學(xué)角度,多層次研究人體的結(jié)構(gòu)、功能及其相互關(guān)系,揭示其生命現(xiàn)象,為防病、治病提供新的技術(shù)手段。2生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的發(fā)展 生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程始于20世紀(jì)50年代,我國生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程作為一個專門學(xué)科則起步于20世紀(jì)70年代,我國著名的醫(yī)學(xué)家黃家駟院士是我國生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程學(xué)科最早的倡導(dǎo)者。2.2影像學(xué)診斷進(jìn)步影像學(xué)診斷是20世紀(jì)醫(yī)學(xué)診斷最重要也是發(fā)展最快的領(lǐng)域之一,50年代X線透視和攝是臨床最常用的影像學(xué)診斷方法;1972年第1臺CT誕生,只能用于顱腦檢查;1974年,全身CT出現(xiàn);現(xiàn)在螺旋CT(SpiralCT)能快速掃描和重建圖像,提高了診斷準(zhǔn)確率;1976年,第1臺商用正電子發(fā)射體層攝影(PET)誕生,PET是目前最先進(jìn)的影像診斷技術(shù);1980年,第1臺可以用于臨床的全身MRI誕生;1984年,美國第1臺醫(yī)用磁共振獲得FDA認(rèn)證,MRI工程的進(jìn)步,促進(jìn)了醫(yī)學(xué)診斷學(xué)向功能與形態(tài)相結(jié)合的方向發(fā)展,向超快速成像、準(zhǔn)實時動態(tài)MRI、MRI、fMRI、MRS發(fā)展;2000年,第1臺PET/CT誕生;2010年,MRI/PET誕生等。2.4人工器官(artificialorgan)的應(yīng)用人造心臟瓣膜的試制開始于20世紀(jì)40年代后期,1953年,垂屏式氧合器人工心肺機(jī)的研發(fā),開始了人工心肺機(jī)體外循環(huán)技術(shù)應(yīng)用;1958年,瑞典醫(yī)生奧克3生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程學(xué)科的特點(diǎn)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程學(xué)科是一門高度綜合的交叉學(xué)科,這是它最大的特點(diǎn)。從學(xué)科發(fā)展的歷史長河來看,新學(xué)科的產(chǎn)生大都是傳統(tǒng)或成熟學(xué)科相互交叉作用產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。近年來,高分子材料科學(xué)、電子學(xué)、計算機(jī)科學(xué)等自然科學(xué)的不斷發(fā)展,極大地推動了生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程學(xué)科的發(fā)展??梢哉f,有多少理工科分支,就會產(chǎn)生多少生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程領(lǐng)域,這種多學(xué)科的交叉融合涉及到所有的理、工學(xué)科和所有的生物學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)分支。4研究內(nèi)容與領(lǐng)域生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程的研究內(nèi)容包括:基礎(chǔ)性研究,涉及生物力學(xué)、生物材料學(xué)、生物醫(yī)學(xué)信息的提取與處理、生物系統(tǒng)建模與仿真、各種物理因子的生物效應(yīng)、生物系統(tǒng)的質(zhì)量和能量傳遞等;應(yīng)用性研究,直接為醫(yī)學(xué)服務(wù),涉及生物醫(yī)學(xué)信號檢測與傳感技術(shù),生物醫(yī)學(xué)信息處理技術(shù),醫(yī)學(xué)成像與圖像處理技術(shù),人工器官、醫(yī)用制品和儀器,康復(fù)與治療工程技術(shù)等。4.2組織工程學(xué)應(yīng)用細(xì)胞生物學(xué)和工程學(xué)的原理,吸收現(xiàn)代細(xì)胞生物學(xué)、分子生物學(xué)、材料與工程學(xué)等學(xué)科的科研精華,在體內(nèi)或體外構(gòu)建組織和器官,以維持、修復(fù)、再生或改善損傷組織和器官功能,是繼細(xì)胞生物學(xué)和分子生物學(xué)之后,生命科學(xué)發(fā)展史上又一新的里程碑,標(biāo)志著醫(yī)學(xué)將走出器官移植的范疇,步入制造組織和器官的新時代。4.4人工器官主要研究人體組織與器官的再生、修復(fù)與替代。4.5生物傳感器技術(shù)使用固定化的生物分子結(jié)合換能器,用來偵測生物體內(nèi)或生物體外的環(huán)境化學(xué)物質(zhì)或與之起特異性交互作用后產(chǎn)生響應(yīng)的技術(shù)。4.7生物醫(yī)學(xué)信號檢測與處理技術(shù)生物醫(yī)學(xué)信號的檢測與處理幾乎成為了生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程學(xué)科共同的研究方向。4.9物理因子的生物效應(yīng)及其醫(yī)療應(yīng)用通過對生物群體流行病學(xué)調(diào)查、動物實驗、臨床試驗及細(xì)胞和分子水平等多層次研究,了解物理因子對生物體的作用效應(yīng)及作用機(jī)理,確定其有效和允許的作用劑量,發(fā)展運(yùn)用物理因子生物效應(yīng)診斷和治療疾病的技術(shù),并防止其可能發(fā)生的有害影響。如今,這些國家在生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程方面處于世界前列。在美國,許多著名大學(xué)根據(jù)自身條件和生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程學(xué)科的特點(diǎn)以及社會需要采用各種方式積極推進(jìn)“學(xué)科交叉計劃”。這種發(fā)展方向既促進(jìn)了傳統(tǒng)性專業(yè)的提升,又為逐步形成新專業(yè)創(chuàng)造了條件。這也大大推動了美國的生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程學(xué)科的發(fā)展。自上世紀(jì)80年代以來,經(jīng)過30多年的發(fā)展,目前全國已有很多所高校內(nèi)設(shè)有此專業(yè),在一些理、工科實力較強(qiáng)的高校內(nèi)均建有生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程專業(yè)。此外,還有一些醫(yī)學(xué)院校則是以醫(yī)學(xué)作為基底學(xué)科,置入某些工程學(xué)科的知識,并以醫(yī)學(xué)應(yīng)用為目的建立相關(guān)的課程體系,而對于生物學(xué)中所涉及到的細(xì)胞及分子生物學(xué)、發(fā)育生物學(xué)及生物技術(shù),對于工程技術(shù)中的控制技術(shù)、材料學(xué)均較少涉及,這些院校培養(yǎng)的目標(biāo)就是將生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程運(yùn)用于實際。要將基礎(chǔ)研究轉(zhuǎn)化為工業(yè)化產(chǎn)品,將美好的前景分析變?yōu)樾l(wèi)生保健的實際行動而服務(wù)于廣大人民,就離不開生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程師。6生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程在軍事領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用6.1生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程在軍事醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域具有廣闊的應(yīng)用