【正文】 以使用平面設(shè)計通知及娛樂。一個平面設(shè)計項目可能涉及程式化和介紹現(xiàn)有的文字，或者事先存在的意向或圖像開發(fā)的平面設(shè)計師。在一本雜志的文章或廣告，往往是平面設(shè)計師或藝術(shù)總監(jiān)將委員會攝影師或插圖創(chuàng)建原始文件只是被納入設(shè)計規(guī)劃。任何圖形元素用于設(shè)計之前，圖形元素必須是源于通過視覺藝術(shù)技能。視覺藝術(shù)的作品主要是視覺性的東西從使用傳統(tǒng)的傳播媒介、攝影或電腦產(chǎn)生的藝術(shù)。3 印刷術(shù)是藝術(shù)，工藝和技術(shù)型，修改類型字形，并安排類型的設(shè)計。這項安排的類型是選擇字體、大小、線長、主要的（行距）和文字的間距。直到數(shù)字時代，印刷成為一個專業(yè)的領(lǐng)域。排版設(shè)計師平面設(shè)計的一部分，是在網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計中是圖形設(shè)計，處理安排風(fēng)格（內(nèi)容）的要素。平面設(shè)計師常常專心研究于界面設(shè)計，如網(wǎng)頁設(shè)計和軟件設(shè)計，最終用戶的交互性是一個設(shè)計考慮的布局或接口。版畫是在紙上，其他有機材料或者表面上印刷藝術(shù)品的過程。繪畫或素描，另一方面，創(chuàng)造了獨特的原始藝術(shù)品。常見的矩陣包括：金屬板，通常是銅或鋅的雕刻或蝕刻石料，用于光刻。但也有許多其他種類，討論如下：作品從一個單一的印刷板創(chuàng)造一個版本，在現(xiàn)代通常每個簽署和編號，形成限量。一個單一的打印可能是產(chǎn)品的一種或多種技術(shù)。眼睛的視網(wǎng)膜被兩個被命名為視桿和視錐的感光體涵蓋。視錐卻與視桿恰恰相反。隨著科技的發(fā)展，人們越來越認(rèn)識到環(huán)境問題日益嚴(yán)重，大氣污染、森林破壞、水土流失、土地沙漠化、水資源污染、大量物種滅絕、石油、天然氣、煤等資源枯竭。其中，溫室效應(yīng)、臭氧層破壞和酸雨是當(dāng)今全球性的三大環(huán)境問題。甲烷、臭氧、氯、氟烴以及水汽等也對溫室效應(yīng)有所貢獻。溫室效應(yīng)的后果十分嚴(yán)重，自然生態(tài)將隨之發(fā)生重大變化，荒漠將擴大，土地侵蝕加重，森林退向極地，旱澇災(zāi)害嚴(yán)重，雨量增加；溫帶冬天更濕、夏天更旱；熱帶也將變 得更濕，干熱的亞熱帶變得更干旱，迫使原有水利工程重新調(diào)整。由于氣溫升高，兩極冰塊將融化，使海平面上升，將會淹沒許多城市和港口。美國的兩位科學(xué)家 Monila 和 Rowland 指出，正是人為的活動造成了今天的臭氧洞。酸雨目前已成為一種范圍廣泛、跨越國界的大氣污染現(xiàn)象?？偠灾?，人類生活的環(huán)境已經(jīng)日益惡化。環(huán)境問題在很大程度上是由于人們的不良設(shè)計、生活方式造成的后果。工業(yè)設(shè)計在為人類創(chuàng)造了現(xiàn)代生活方式的同時，也加速了資源、能源的消耗，并對地球的生態(tài)平衡造成了巨大的破壞。設(shè)計師必須對自己的設(shè)計負責(zé)，必須把人類的健康幸福，自然與人類的和諧共存作為設(shè)計中心遵循的原則?！翱沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展設(shè)計” 這一概念的提出，對于人性的回歸及世界真正意義上的發(fā)展具有劃時代的意義。從此，人類傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)文明發(fā)展模式轉(zhuǎn)向現(xiàn)代生態(tài)文明發(fā)展模式?？沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展是人們應(yīng)遵循的一種全新的倫理、道德和價值觀念。解決可持續(xù)反展問題是一個技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和行為模式轉(zhuǎn)變的問題。實現(xiàn)目前利益與長遠利益的統(tǒng)一，為子孫后代留下發(fā)展空間。綠色設(shè)計源于人們對于現(xiàn)代技術(shù)文化所引起的環(huán)境及生態(tài)破壞的反思。對工業(yè)設(shè)計師而言，綠色設(shè)計的核心是“ 3R ”，即“減少”（Reduce）、“再循環(huán)”(Recycle)和“再 利用”（Reuse)。綠色設(shè)計不僅是一種技術(shù)層面的考慮，更重要的是一種觀念 上的變革。從材料方面要考慮： 原材料的存量和可再生性，獲取材料時的環(huán)境能源的消耗與污染，后續(xù)加工時環(huán)境材料的易加工性，低能耗性、低污染性，報廢時的可回收性。從包裝、運輸、銷售等方面要考慮：包裝的環(huán)境性能、綠色包裝，良好的可運輸性、降低自重、減 少能耗，當(dāng)?shù)鼗a(chǎn)及減少物流過程消耗。產(chǎn)品更新?lián)Q代時環(huán)境性能的模塊化、可重組性、產(chǎn)品的使用模式等因素。清潔的能源：如考慮太陽能、水電、風(fēng)力的清潔燃料；清潔的材料，涉及低污染、無毒、易降解和 可回收性；清潔的制造過程，考慮低能耗、少排放的制造；清潔的產(chǎn)品，涉及使用中節(jié)能、環(huán)保、報廢 后的回收。事實證明： 報廢的產(chǎn)品拆卸后，經(jīng)分析，其中材料在改進設(shè)計后可重用和經(jīng)翻新后可重用的比例可以提高。世界鋼產(chǎn)量中的 45 ％是 由廢鋼鐵生產(chǎn)出的。產(chǎn)品全生命周期管理是指從人對產(chǎn)品的需求開始，到產(chǎn)品淘汰報廢的全部生命歷程。將先進的管理理念和一流的信息技術(shù)有機融入到現(xiàn)代企業(yè)的工業(yè)和商業(yè)運作中，從而使企業(yè)在數(shù)字經(jīng)濟時代能夠有效地調(diào)整經(jīng)營手段和管理方式，以發(fā)揮企業(yè)前所未有的競爭優(yōu)勢。GRAPHIC DESIGN The term graphic design can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual munication and methods are used to create and bine symbols, images and/or words to create a visual representation of ideas and graphic designer may use typography, visual arts and page layout techniques to produce the final design often refers to both the process by which the munication is created and the products which are uses of graphic design include magazines, advertisements, product packaging and web example, a product package might include a logo or other artwork, organized text and pure design elements such as shapes and color which unify the is one of the most important features of graphic design especially when using preexisting materials or diverse Design spans the history of humankind from the caves of Lascaux to the dazzling neons of both this lengthy history and in the relatively recent explosion of visual munication in the 20th and 21st centuries, there is sometimes a blurring distinction and overlapping of advertising art, graphic design and fine all, they share many of the same elements, theories, principles, practices and languages, and sometimes the same benefactor or advertising art the ultimate objective is the sale of goods and graphic design, “the essence is to give order to information, form to ideas, expression and feeling to artifacts that document human experience.” During the Tang dynasty(618–906)between the 4th and 7th century blocks were cut to print on textiles and later to reproduce Buddhist Buddhist scripture printed in 868 is the earliest known printed late 19th century Europe, especially in the United Kingdom, the movement began to separate graphic design from fine Mondrian is known as the father of graphic was a fine artist, but his use of grids inspired the modern grid system used today in advertising, print and web 1849, Henry Cole became one of the major forces in design education in Great Britain, informing the government of the importance of design in his Journal of Design and organized the Great Exhibition as a celebration of modern industrial technology and Victorian 1892 to 1896 William Morris39。 work, along with the rest of the Private Press movement, directly influenced Art Nouveau and is indirectly responsible for developments in early twentieth century graphic design in originally coined the term “graphic design” appears to be in has been attributed to Richard Guyatt, the British designer and academic, but another source suggests William Addison Dwiggins, an American book designer in the early 20th century The signage in the London Underground is a classic of the modern era and used a font designed by Edward Johnston in the 1920s, Soviet constructivism applied 39。 in different spheres of movement saw individualistic art as useless in revolutionary Russia and thus moved towards creating objects for utilitarian designed buildings, theater sets, posters, fabrics, clothing, furniture, logos, menus, Tschichold codified the principles of modern typography in his 1928 book, New later repudiated the philosophy he espoused in this book as being fascistic, but it remained very , Bauhaus typographers such as Herbert Bayer and Laszlo MoholyNagy, and El Lissitzky are the fathers of graphic design as we know it pioneered production techniques and stylistic devices used throughout the twentieth following years saw graphic design in the modern style gain widespread acceptance and booming postWorld War II American economy established a greater need for graphic design, mainly advertising and emigration of the German Bauhaus school of design to Chicago in 1937 brought a “massproduced”minimalism to America。Paul Rand, who, from the late 1930s until his death in 1996, took the principles of the Bauhaus and applied them to popular advertising and logo design, helping to create a uniquely American approach to European minimalism while being one of the principal pioneers of the subset of graphic design known as corporate identity；and Josef M252。s job to organize the page into a reasonable layout and determine if any other graphic