【正文】 DATAX1X2X3Y1Y2Y3（2）中位（3）全距R1R2（4）（5） 參考Lord39。（6） 判斷所選擇因子中有影響的大要因存在，可進行步驟2（7）如果 判斷所選擇的因子中無影響大要因存在，回到步驟1例:HOUREMETERAn hour meter , built by an electronics pany , had a 2025 percent defect rate because several of the units could not meet the customer39。C(L1) O。C(L2)－5。C(L3)－7。s test for two independent samples. In this test the sample ranges R1,R2 replace s1, s2. This is a quick test, no more robust under nonnormality than the t test, and even more vulnerable to erroneous sample extreme values. Table A 7(ii) applies to two independent samples of equal size. The mean of the two ranges, w = (R1 + R2)/2, replaces the w of the paired test and 2—1takes the place of D. The test of significance is applied to the numbers of worms found in two samples of 5 rats, one sample treated previously by a wormkiller. See table . We have 2—1 = and w = (219 + 147)/2 = 183. From this, tR = (2—1)/ = , which is beyond the 1% point, , shown in table A 7(ii) for n = 5. TABLE NUMBER OF WORMS PER RATTreatedUntreated12337814327519241240265259286Means, Ranges, R219147To find 95% confidence limits for the reduction in number of worms per rat due to the treatment, we use the formula (2—1)—tR 2－1 (2—1) + tR  ()(183 2－ + ()(183)60 2－1284l The confidence interval is wide, owing both to the small sample sizes and the high variability from rat to rat. Student39。 Moore (7) has given tables for the 10%, 5%, 2%, and 1% levels of Lord39。在這情況﹐我們指定統(tǒng)計值T=0。如果一組樣本包含聯(lián)合最大值和另一組有聯(lián)合最小值, 繼續(xù)第 3 至7步驟.3 找出第一組樣本的最大和最小值4 找出第二組樣本的最大和最小值5 考慮聯(lián)合最小值，計算另組最小值比聯(lián)合最小值大的個數(shù)6 考慮聯(lián)合最大值，計算另組最大值比聯(lián)合最大值小的個數(shù)7 T數(shù)值即為步驟第5和第 6相加判斷，N為較大組，n為較小組，如果n=3，N=4，可查道7//，即若T7，可判斷此兩組有差異，否則證據(jù)未足夠判為有差異。 Variable Search)步驟1：粗估(Ballpark)1. 列出（找出）可能會影響的零組件（分好與壞的PART）或可能會影響的變數(shù)（分出高及低的水準）2. 確認這些要因中，會包括有影響變異之大要因作法：將最好的組合，稱為Good（High）與最差的組合，稱為Bad（Low） 各3次實驗，共6次，實驗採6次隨機試驗解析：GOODBAD實驗X1X2X3Y1Y2Y3（1）中位（2）全距R1R2（3）（4） 參考Lord39。實施AL，RH，及AHRL之實驗，從此處判斷A是否具有重要性。（1） 分別做出好、壞、群之管制線公式：好群管制線 參考統(tǒng)計量壞群管制線（2） 判斷如果AHRL之值高出壞群中之上線（或）ALRH低於好群中之下線，則判斷A 為重要因子(RED X，PINK X)（註：、(交互作用)、(無效果)）如此逐一判斷直至所有因子判斷完畢AhRlAlRhHIGHBETWEENLOWHIGH???BETWEEN???LOW???步驟3：定案(capping run)，確認組合之效果(交互作用)再將重要因，好的組合為QH，壞的組合為QL其解因組合為RH，RL，實施QH RL，QL RH之實驗，檢討出組合之效果(交互作用)步驟4：全因子(Full factorial)，檢出重要要因之效果大小將重要因子實施完全配置之解析，計算各因子及交互作用之效果，找出最佳之組合值。s reliability requirement of perfect operation at 40 C .The worst units could only reach 0 C before malfunction .The hour meter consists of a solenoid cell with a shield to concentrate the electrical charge which pulses at regular intervals .The pulse triggers a solenoid pin , which in turn causes a verge arm , or bell crank , to trip the counter , advancing it by one unit .The counter is attached to a numeral shaft containing numeral wheels .These numeral wheels are separated from each other by idler gears , which rotate on an idler gear shaft .Both the idler gear shaft and the numeral shaft are attached to the mainframe , made of hard white plastic .The pulsing rhythm is provided by an electronics board .High(Good)AssemblyLow(Bad）AssemblyInitial results(H1):－40。CResults after lst disassembly/ reassembly(H2):－35。CResults after 2nd disassembly/ reassembly(H3):－37。Cmedian－37－5range57D=32，=(5+7)/2=6，D: =32:6=:1，Control limits =median/=(此處為個別值信賴區(qū)間，不是群體平均信賴區(qū)間)The test for a significant and repeatable difference between the good units and bad units is determined by the formula : D: :1，The Red X and Pink X are among the causes being considered and there is good repeatability in the disassembly / reassembly process .noComponent SwitchedHigh AssemblyResultsControl LimitsLow AssemblyResulsControl LimitsAnalysislnitial Dis/Reassembly NO 2Dis/Reassembly NO 3403537medianAllCompLowAllComp．Low057median1AALRH40~AHRL5~+A Unimportant2BBLRH35~BHRL0~+B Unimportant3CCLRH35~CHRL5~+C Unimportant4DDLRH20~DHRL5~+D Important5EELRH40~EHRL0~+E Unimportant6FFLRH40~FHRL5~+F Unimportant7GGLRH20~GHRL5~+G Important8HHLRH35~HHRL0~+H UnimportantCapping RunRDHGHRL40~DLGLRH0~+R unimportantCONCLUSION1. Components A, B, C, E, F, and H are within the high side and low side control limits .So they are unimportant﹒2. Components D and G are out side the high side control limits. So they are important.3. The capping run confirmed that D and G bined go outside both sides of the control limits. So D and G and their interaction effects are important﹒統(tǒng)計量全距平均(Mean Range)統(tǒng)計量當xi1，xi2，…，xin為從一常態(tài)群體之樣本(i=1~k)，12…k1X11X21…Xk12X12X22…Xk2…………nXn1Xn2…Xkn平均全距R1R2…RK全距平均(Mean Range) ，=1. 即E()=s，此處1/值如下表所示，此種推定之效率(與s比較變異數(shù))如下表所示當n12以上時，n=，因此一般組之大小都在5以下之原因。2n型多元配置解析(FULL FACTORIAL)2n型多元配置，指因子數(shù)有n個水準數(shù)各為2，完全組合。N效果123456主因子效果1234562次交互作用13610153次交互作用1410204次交互作用15155次交互作用166次交互作用1組合效果014112657合計137153163一因子效果例:假設(shè)進行符號說明【例1】A1A2ABC代號dataB1B2B1B2111(1)2C12534112c3C23832121b5122bc8