【正文】 s, IS going to the beach.? Mathematics, in addition to history and science, IS a required subject.注：有且只有“and”可以將單數(shù)主語改編成復(fù)數(shù)主語。（五）either or, neither nor1. 當(dāng)either..or…/neither…nor..同時(shí)出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候——就近原則：謂語動(dòng)詞得單復(fù)數(shù)取決于離它最近的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)。. The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field. Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy.2,主語是非限制性的代詞，用單數(shù).(你不用琢磨啥是非限定性，就記著下面這些次都是單數(shù)就好了)Anyone, anybody, anything,no one, nobody, nothing, each, every,someone, somebody,something, everyone, everybody,everything,whatever, whoever,either…or..。1，大于1個(gè)的用復(fù)數(shù)。需要看介賓短語中的名詞EG: Some of the money was stolen from my wallet.Some of the documents were stolen from the bank.2)．Any of , none of , not one of 謂語一定是單數(shù)。 every 兩個(gè)詞如果放在復(fù)數(shù)主語之前用單數(shù)，復(fù)數(shù)主語之后用復(fù)數(shù)EG: every dog and cat has paws. They each are great tennis players.（九）量詞A number of +復(fù)數(shù)主語+復(fù)數(shù)謂語（a number of 可以看成是some/many）The number of +復(fù)數(shù)/單數(shù)主語+單數(shù)謂語Majority（多數(shù)）, minority（少數(shù)民族／少數(shù)）, and plurality（多數(shù)）這3個(gè)詞后面“＋of”就是復(fù)數(shù)，單獨(dú)做主語就是單數(shù)。ing的短語做主語，謂語用單數(shù)Having good friends ]S a wonderful thing.2．從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)Whatever they want to do IS fine with me.OG 68： sth that be…,當(dāng)前面的sth做主語的時(shí)候， that be一般要省略，否則不符合英文表達(dá)習(xí)慣；另外，諸如evidence之類的詞，后面要跟that從句。 Out rushed the boy2） There be + 主語+地點(diǎn)。So excited was she at the news that she couldn”t say a word .，要看謂語動(dòng)詞后名詞（主語）的單復(fù)數(shù)1.） Wrong: Near those buildings SIT a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.Right: Near those buildings SITS a lonely house, inhabited by squatters.2. ）后面是and的復(fù)合主語，用復(fù)數(shù)。（當(dāng)GMAT迷惑我們的時(shí)候，大都是單數(shù)）四、平行結(jié)構(gòu)（一）平行結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)志詞最重要的三個(gè)平行連接詞：And, both and, or, either or。中間不能插入bothWrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.?Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.此句中“those”不能省略，但是“popular”可以省略。A and BA ,B，and CA,B,C,and D2．特殊逗號(hào)原則當(dāng)連接兩個(gè)元素是長(zhǎng)de獨(dú)立句子時(shí)候，會(huì)用A，and BI really like candy apples, AND I eat them often.3．分層并列——無論并列的元素有多少，同一個(gè)并列連詞連接的必須結(jié)構(gòu)相似，詞性相同！可以在一個(gè)句子同時(shí)用不同的并列連詞，或者單獨(dú)的詞和句子并列，表示不同的層次，但是重要的是語義要平行。（六）系動(dòng)詞兩邊的成分要并列：表達(dá)的是“主語是什么／主語在什么情況下”系動(dòng)詞都有哪些見下表：Wrong: The bouquet of flowers WAS a giving of love.Right: The bouquet of flowers WAS a gift of love.Wrong: Upon being nominated, this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urbanrural relations in this country.Right: The nomination of this politician REPRESENTS a step forward in urban rural relations in this country.12th Edition: 6, 11, 14, 15,22,24,26,28,29,36,42,46,52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 72, 77,81, 83, 88, D36, D39, D46Verbal Review: 1, 4, 6, 11, 22, 25, 27, 46, 47, 51, 52, 56, 62, 64, 66, 70OR 2nd Edition: 1,2,4,5,7,15,17,24,26,27,45,46,49,52,53,58,60,61, 63, 67五、代詞代詞是GMAT中最常見的考點(diǎn)，每次見到介詞的時(shí)候都應(yīng)檢查指代是否清晰。EG: 錯(cuò)。（二）先行詞和代詞必須同時(shí)有意義將代詞換為先行詞（它所指代的名詞），該句子必須還是有意義，說的通EG: (錯(cuò))Although the term ”superputer” may sound wonderful, it is simply and machine that can execute tril lions of calculations every second.（對(duì)）: Although the term superputer may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply REFERS TO an extremely fast mainframe that can execute tril lions of calculations every second.此處,it指代就有問題,“term”不是機(jī)器，“term”指的是機(jī)器。此乃長(zhǎng)考考點(diǎn)。（注意：1個(gè)句子里通常只有1個(gè)代詞，如果有2個(gè)通常1個(gè)單數(shù)1個(gè)復(fù)數(shù)；若一個(gè)句子里有兩個(gè)單數(shù)代詞，但是指代不同對(duì)象，一定錯(cuò)；或者一個(gè)單數(shù)代詞，2個(gè)單數(shù)先行詞，也必錯(cuò)，因?yàn)橹复磺澹ㄋ模┐~和先行詞的單復(fù)數(shù)必須一致,GMAT為了迷惑，會(huì)在主語和主句前面，加上從句，比如：along with…/by…,要找到真正的主語。EG: Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, BUT by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, THEY provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistrybased life as we know it.此處they指代的是主語supernovas而不是前面的elements.（2）一般所有格代詞只能指代所有格名詞，不能指代主格和賓格。 pensation packages in order todetermine how much may have been improperly awarded to THEM.這里them本想指代executives但是這里面executives是以所有格executives’ pensation pachages的形勢(shì)出現(xiàn)的，所以不能指代。(this, those, that and these are neverused as a standalone pronoun without a noun following)EG：New”nanopapers” incorporate fibers that give THESE MATERIALS strength,2．that或those可以表明一個(gè)新的copy關(guān)于先行詞的,避免重復(fù)。EG：錯(cuò)。2．GMAT 考試中最長(zhǎng)出現(xiàn)的修飾結(jié)構(gòu)：形容詞+形容詞+名詞：在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，兩個(gè)形容詞均修飾名詞副詞+形容詞+名詞：在此結(jié)構(gòu)中，副詞修飾形容詞，形容詞修飾名詞EG: James is Max’s supposed Irish ancestor. 在句中 Irish是形容詞，ancestor是名詞。常見的形容詞+ly 變副詞的詞語: corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, recent,seeming, separate, significant, supposed, usual.即意味著，以上這些詞，出現(xiàn)在語法中，既有＋ly,也有不加－ly的時(shí)候，既要忠于原文，也要忠于語義。劃線部分修飾的是逗號(hào)后緊挨的“the cat”EG: Jim biked along an old dirt road to get to his house, which cut through the woods. 錯(cuò)To get to his house, Jim biked along an old dirt road, which cut through the woods. 對(duì)Gmat語法中，總出現(xiàn)which引導(dǎo)的修飾性從句，如果不是修飾其前面最近的名詞，則錯(cuò)！2．每一個(gè)名詞修飾必須對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)修飾對(duì)象，不能缺乏修飾對(duì)象Wrong: Resigned to the bad news, there was no motion in the office.Right: Resigned to the bad news, the office workers made no motion.Gmat中若主語前有個(gè)ved引導(dǎo)的修飾從句，主語必須是逗號(hào)后面緊挨的主語，若不是，則錯(cuò)！3．避免一系列的修飾語修飾一個(gè)名詞，讓兩個(gè)很長(zhǎng)的修飾語修飾一個(gè)名詞不好最常見的模式就是：修飾語，修飾語， 主謂賓必錯(cuò)／主語，修飾語，修飾語，謂賓必錯(cuò)正確的：一種常見的情形是：修飾語，主語+定語從句，謂賓，這種是對(duì)的另外一種：修飾語，定語從句，主語，修飾語，謂語賓語，這種也對(duì)，但少見注意：動(dòng)詞修飾語不像名詞修飾語，不需要貼近其修飾的主語。 .the town whose water supply was contaminated.That/whom：修飾的成分是賓語的時(shí)候，是可以省略的Who/whom 當(dāng)在修飾關(guān)系從句中，who是從句中謂語的主語；whom是從句中謂語的賓語Wrong: The security guard WHO we met was nice. (who met we)Right: The security guard WHOM we met was nice.（we met whom）Where/which: where只能修飾具體的地點(diǎn),which可以修飾虛擬的，如condition, situation(位置), case, circumstance,arrangement（布置。非限制性名詞修飾，一般開頭用this／/these/：有逗號(hào)隔開的，用whichNonessential: This mansion，WHICH HAS BEEN RECENTLY PAINTED RED, is owned by the Lees.Essential: The mansion THAT HAS BEEN PAINTED RED is owned by the Lees.但是當(dāng)which前面有介詞的時(shí)候，例如for which，可能不需要that,但是依然需要逗號(hào)原則。（五）which 和現(xiàn)在分詞1．Which 必須緊跟其修飾的名詞，which不能修飾一個(gè)句子，which只能指代它前面的一個(gè)名詞Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood. WHICH has led to a rise in property values.（此句中which指的是neighborhood,錯(cuò)）Right: The recent decrease in crime in our neighborhood has led to a rise in property values.2．ing 形式做修飾語（1）做形容詞，直接修飾名詞（2）可以修飾主語和動(dòng)詞（3）可以修飾一個(gè)從句（此時(shí)主句若轉(zhuǎn)化為同意名詞，這個(gè)名詞可作為ing的主語），這種形式就是常見的ing表示結(jié)果的結(jié)構(gòu)。(6)ing形式表主動(dòng) ed表被動(dòng)12th Edition: 10, 18, 25, 3