【正文】 nds the smallest vessels. The dense connective tissue can be subdivided into regular and irregular types according to whether the fibers have an ordered or disordered arrangement. Skin contains a relatively thick layer of dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis. Examples of dense regular connective tissue include ligaments, tendons, and aponeuroses. Adipose tissue is a specialized form of connective tissue consisting of adipocytes associated with a rich blood supply. There are two types of adipose tissue: yellow or white ( or unilocular ) and brown (or multilocular ) . Reticular tissue consists of reticular cells and reticular fibers . The types of cells found in loose connective tissue can be categorized either as fixed cells or as wandering cells. The cells that prise the fixed cell population are relatively stable 。 了解骨細(xì)胞的形態(tài)與功能；類骨質(zhì)和骨基質(zhì)的概念 一、軟骨的結(jié)構(gòu) (Structure of Cartilage) 軟骨組織 (Cartilage tissue) （ 1）軟骨細(xì)胞 (Chondrocyte) LM：小、扁圓、單個(gè) ——圓、大、成群（同源細(xì)胞群）軟骨陷窩、軟骨囊 （ 2）基質(zhì) (Cartilage matrix) （ 3）纖維 (Fibre) 軟骨膜 (Perichondrium) 內(nèi)層含骨祖細(xì)胞 (二 )軟骨分類 (Classification of Cartilage) （ 1）透明軟骨 (Hyaline cartilage): 纖維為膠原原纖維、折光率與基質(zhì)相近、光鏡下不易區(qū)分 彈性軟骨 (Elastic cartilage): 大量彈性纖維 纖維軟骨 (Fibrous cartilage): 大量膠原纖維束 (三 )軟骨的生長方式 (Growth of cartilage) 間質(zhì)生長 （ 軟骨內(nèi)生長 ） 外加生長 （ 軟骨膜下生長 ） 二 、 骨 (Bone) （ 一 ） 骨組織 (Osseous tissue) 骨基質(zhì) (bone matrix) 鈣化的細(xì)胞間質(zhì) 類骨質(zhì) (osteoid) 有機(jī)成分 骨板的結(jié)構(gòu)：同層纖維平行 、 相鄰層纖維垂直 。 （ 1）中性粒細(xì)胞 (Neutrophilic granulocyte, Neutrophil) 形態(tài)特點(diǎn)：球形 ①胞質(zhì)內(nèi)細(xì)小、均勻的淡紫色和淡紅色顆粒 ②核 桿狀或分葉（ 25葉） (2)嗜堿性粒細(xì)胞 (Basophilic granulocyte, Basophil) 形態(tài)特點(diǎn)：球形 ①胞質(zhì)內(nèi)大小不等、分布不勻紫藍(lán)色顆粒 ②核分葉或不規(guī)則，有顆粒覆蓋 功能：類似肥大細(xì)胞（致過敏） （ 3）嗜酸性粒細(xì)胞 (Eosinophilic granulocyte, Eosinophil) 形態(tài)特點(diǎn)：球形 ①胞質(zhì)內(nèi)粗大，均勻嗜酸性顆粒 ② 核 23葉 功能：抗過敏、抗寄生蟲 （ 4）單核細(xì)胞 (Monocyte) 血液中最大的細(xì)胞 形態(tài)：圓或橢圓形、胞質(zhì)豐富、灰藍(lán)色，較多細(xì)小嗜 天青顆粒，核馬蹄形或腎形，染色淡 功能：一定吞噬功能 （ 5）淋巴細(xì)胞 (Lymphocyte) 形態(tài)：圓或卵圓、胞質(zhì)少、蔚藍(lán)色、胞核大、著 色深 功能：參與免疫反應(yīng) 三 血小板 (血栓細(xì)胞 ) (Blood Platelet) 骨髓巨核細(xì)胞脫落下的胞質(zhì)小塊 形態(tài)：雙凸扁盤狀、血涂片中聚集成群、多角形 功能：止血凝血中起重要作用 造血干細(xì)胞（多能干細(xì)胞）：生成各種血細(xì)胞的原始細(xì)胞 基本特征 很強(qiáng)增殘潛能 多向分化能力 自我復(fù)制能力 造血干細(xì)胞 造血祖細(xì)胞 一個(gè)或幾個(gè)血細(xì)胞系定向 增殖分化 一定微環(huán)境 某些因素調(diào)節(jié) [思考題 ] 試述紅細(xì)胞的形態(tài)與功能 網(wǎng)織紅細(xì)胞形態(tài)特點(diǎn)及功能 各種白細(xì)胞的分類依據(jù)及功能 CHAPTER 5 BLOOD AND HEMATOPOIESIS OUTLINE Blood is considered as a specialized connective tissue, consisting of formed elements, or blood cell, and a fluid intercellular substance, the blood plasma, in which the formed elements are suspended. The formed elements include erythrocytes or red blood cells, leukocytes or white blood cells and platelets or thrombocytes. According to the specific granules existed in cytoplasma, leukocytes may be classified into two classes, granulocytes and agranulocytes. Based on the different specific granules in their cytoplasma, granulocytes may be further classified into neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils. Agranulocytes include lymphocytes and monocytes which do not possess specific granules. Blood smear is usually used to examine the size, shape and maturity of blood cells and also used to determine the relative percentage of each type of routinely staine with a special mixture of acidic and basic dyes, named Wright or Giemsa. If blood is removed from the circulatory system, it will soon clot. Eventually the blood clot begins to contract and expresses the clear, yellowish fluid supernatant called serum. Serum contains many of molecules found in the plasma except for the clotting factors and fibrinogen. The most mon and useful way to separate and analyze the blood and its ponents is to add an anticoagulant ( e. g heparin or citrate ) to blood removed from body. In the earliest stages of embryogenesis, blood cell arise from yolk sac mesoderm. Sometime later, the liver and spleen serve as temporary hematopoietic tissue. By the fourth month and thereafter, red bone marrow bees the predominant hematopoietic site. Red bone marrow consists of hematopoietic cells, hematopoietic stromal cells and sinusoids. Hematopoietic stromal cells are the core ponents of hematopoietic inductive microenvironment, which is not only as a framework to support the development of blood cells, but also as a secretive site of many growth factors to regulate hematopoiesis. Bone marrow produces myeloid lineage cells, and also produces lymphoid cells that migrate to the lymphoid ans and lymphoid tissues where the various types of lymphocyte are formed. Hematopoiesis is therefore the result of simultaneous, continuous proliferation and differerntiation of cells derived from hematopoietic stem cells. Selfrenewal and pluripotential differentiation are the predominant feature of hematopoietic stem cells. The proliferating stem cells form progenitors that lose their pluripotentiality as differentiation progress and maintain their number by activity of stem cells. which the morphologic characteristics can be identified for the first time. The rate of cell division is accelerated in progenitor and precursor cells and large number of differentiated, mature cells are produced. The origin and maturation of blood cells are termed, respectively, erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, monocytopoiesis, megakaryocytopoiesis and lymphocytopoiesis. Hmatopoiesis is a very plex biologic process that is strictly controlled by hematopoietic inductive microenvironme