【正文】 ased pounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠ in 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the interwar years (19181939). 1． 化學(xué)工業(yè)的起源 盡管化學(xué)品的使用可以追溯到古代文明時(shí)代，我們所謂的現(xiàn)代化學(xué)工業(yè)的發(fā)展卻是非常近代（才開(kāi)始的）?？梢哉J(rèn)為它起源于工業(yè)革命其間，大約在 1800 年，并發(fā)展成為為其它工業(yè)部門(mén)提供化學(xué)原料的產(chǎn)業(yè)。有機(jī)化學(xué)工業(yè)的開(kāi)始是在十九世紀(jì)六十年代以William Henry Perkin 發(fā)現(xiàn)第一種合成染料 —苯胺紫并加以開(kāi)發(fā)利用為標(biāo)志的。這要?dú)w因于新染料的發(fā)現(xiàn)以及硫酸的接觸法生產(chǎn)和氨的哈伯生產(chǎn)工藝的發(fā)展。這方面所取得的成績(jī)對(duì)德國(guó)很有幫助。這種深刻的改變一直持續(xù)到戰(zhàn)后（ 19181939）。很有幫助 Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lion‘s share of this growth has been in the anic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s. The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthet ic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins. 1940 年以來(lái)，化學(xué)工業(yè)一直以引人注目的速度飛速發(fā)展?；瘜W(xué)工業(yè)的發(fā)展由于1950 年以來(lái)石油化學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究和開(kāi)發(fā)大部分在有機(jī)化學(xué)方面取得。 The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals which the general public only usually encounter as end or consumer products. These products are purchased because they have the required properties which make them suitable for some particular application, . a nonstick coating for pans or a weedkiller. Thus chemicals are ultimately sold for the effects that they produce. 今天的化學(xué)工業(yè)已經(jīng)是制造業(yè)中有著許多分支的部門(mén)，并且在制造業(yè)中起著核心的作用。這些產(chǎn)品被購(gòu)買(mǎi)是因?yàn)樗麄兙哂心承┬再|(zhì)適合（人們）的一些特 別的用途，例如，用于盆的不粘涂層或一種殺蟲(chóng)劑。 2. Definition of the Chemical Industry At the turn of the century there would have been little difficulty in defining what constituted the chemical industry since only a very limited range of products was manufactured and these were clearly chemicals, ., alkali, sulphuric acid. At present, however, many intermediates to products produced, from raw materials like crude oil through (in some cases) many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily converted into them. The difficulty cones in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry‘s sphere of activities. To consider a specific example to illustrate this dilemma, emulsion paints may contain poly (vinyl chloride) / poly (vinyl acetate). Clearly, synthesis of vinyl chloride (or acetate) and its polymerization are chemical activities. However, if formulation and mixing of the paint, including the polymer, is carried out by a branch of the multinational chemical pany which manufactured the ingredients, is this still part of the chemical industry of does it mow belong in the decorating industry? 2． 化學(xué)工業(yè)的定義 在本世紀(jì)初，要定義什么是化學(xué)工業(yè)是不太困難的，因?yàn)槟菚r(shí)所生產(chǎn)的化學(xué)品是很有限的，而且是非常清楚的化學(xué)品，例如 ，燒堿，硫酸。困難在于如何決定在一些特殊的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中哪一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)不再屬于化學(xué)工業(yè)的活動(dòng)范疇。乳劑漆含有聚氯乙烯 /聚醋酸乙烯。然而，如果這種漆，包括高聚物，它的配制和混合是由一家制造配料的跨國(guó)化學(xué)公司完成的話，那它仍然是屬于化學(xué)工業(yè)呢還是應(yīng)當(dāng)歸屬于裝飾工業(yè)中去呢？ It is therefore apparent that, because of its diversity of operations and close links in many areas with other industries, there is no simple definition of the chemical industry. Instead each official body which collects and publishes statistics on manufacturing industry will have its definition as to which operations are classified as the chemical industry. It is important to bear this in mind when paring statistical information which is derived from several sources. 因此，很明顯，由于化學(xué)工業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)的種類很多并在很多領(lǐng)域與其它工業(yè)有密切的聯(lián)系，所以不能對(duì)它下一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的定義。當(dāng)比較來(lái)自不同途徑的統(tǒng)計(jì)資料時(shí)，記住這點(diǎn)是很重要的。這些產(chǎn)品 再被用來(lái)生產(chǎn)消費(fèi)品，這些消費(fèi)品可以使我們的生活更為舒適或者作藥物維持人類的健康或生命。而這正是化學(xué)工業(yè)要達(dá)到的目的。在回答這些問(wèn)題的時(shí)候我們的思路將要考慮化學(xué)工業(yè)在滿足和改善我們的主要需求方面所做的貢獻(xiàn)。其它我們要考慮的按順序是衣物、住所、休閑和旅行?；瘜W(xué)工業(yè)對(duì)糧食生產(chǎn)所做的巨大貢獻(xiàn)至少有三個(gè)方面。（主要是氮、磷和鉀）。第三，生產(chǎn)獸藥保護(hù)家禽免遭疾病或其它感染的侵害。–blockers to lower blood pressure. （ 2）健康。 (3) Clothing. The improvement in properties of modern synthetic fibers over the traditional clothing materials (. cotton and wool) has been quite remarkable. Thus shirts, dresses and suits made from polyesters like Terylene and polyamides like Nylon are creaseresistant, machinewashable, and dripdry or noniron. They are also cheaper than natural materials. 衣物。用聚脂如滌綸或聚酰胺如尼龍所制作的 T 恤、上衣、襯衫抗皺、可機(jī)洗，曬干自挺或免燙，也比天然面料便宜。的確他們幾乎利用了可見(jiàn)光譜中所有的色調(diào)和色素。 Other major advances in this sphere have been in colorfastness, ., resistance to the dye being washed out when the garment is cleaned. 這一領(lǐng)域中另一些重要進(jìn)展是不褪色，即在洗滌衣物時(shí)染料不會(huì)被洗掉。講到住所方面現(xiàn)代合成高聚物的貢獻(xiàn)是巨大的。另一些高聚物，比如，脲甲醛和聚脲，是非常重要的絕緣材料可以減少熱量損失因而減少能量損耗。 Likewise the chemical industry‘s contribution to transport over the years has led to major improvements. Thus development of improved additives like antioxidants and viscosity index improves for engine oil has enabled routine servicing intervals to increase from 3000 to 6000 to 12020 miles. Research and development work has also resulted in improved lubricating oils and greases, and better brake fluids. Yet again the contribution of polymers and plastics has been very striking with the proportion of the total automobile derived from these materials—dashboard, steering wheel, seat padding and covering etc.—now exceeding 40%. 多年來(lái)化學(xué)工業(yè)對(duì)旅游方面所作的貢獻(xiàn)也有很大的提高。研發(fā)工作還改進(jìn)了潤(rùn)滑油和油脂的性能，并得到了更好的剎車油。 So it is quite apparent even from a brief look at the chemical industry‘s contribution to meeting our major needs that life in the world would be very different without the products of the industry. Indeed the level of a country‘s development may be judged by the production level and sophistication of its chemical industry. 很顯然簡(jiǎn)單地看一下化學(xué)工業(yè)在滿足我們的主要需求方面所做的貢獻(xiàn)就可以知道，沒(méi)有化工產(chǎn)品人類社會(huì)的生活將會(huì)多么困難。 4. Research and Development (Ramp。D). A typical figure is 5% of sales ine, with this figure being almost doubled for the most research intensive sector, pharmaceuticals. It is important to emphasize that we are quoting percentages here not of profits but of sales ine, . the total money received, which has to pay for raw materials, overheads, staff