【正文】 ainly not scientists, since their facts were not gained by experimental procedures: they could not conform to the hardandfast rule that a problem set up and solved by one scientist must be tested by other scientists, under identical conditions and reaching identical results. Of course many situations in the lives of animals simply cannot be rehearsed and controlled in this way. The fall flocking of wild free birds can39。 voices by electrical sound equipment is considered essential, and the most meticulous notes are kept of all that occurs. With this material other biologists, far from the scene, later can verify the reports. Moreover, two field observers often go out together, checking each other39。s behavior.” In abridged dictionaries ethnology is sometimes defined simply as “the objective study of animal behavior,” and ethnologists do emphasize their wish to eliminate myths．　　31．In the first sentence, the word “l(fā)aymen” means 　　A．people who stand aside 　　B．people who are not trained as biologists 　　C．people who are amateur biologists 　　D．people who love animals 　　32．According to the passage, ethnology is 　　A．a(chǎn) new branch of biology 　　B．a(chǎn)n old Greek science 　　C．a(chǎn) pseudoscience 　　D．a(chǎn) science for amateurs 　　33．“The field workers have handicaps in winning respect for themselves.” This sentence means 　　A．ethnologists when working in the field are handicapped 　　B．ethnologists have problems in winning recognition as scientists 　　C．ethnologists are looked down upon when they work in the field 　　D．ethnologists meet with lots of difficulties when doing field work 　　34．According to the explanation of the scientific rule of experiment in the passage, “hardandfast”means experiment procedures 　　A．a(chǎn)re difficult and quick to follow 　　B．must be carried out in a strict and quick way 　　C．must be followed strictly to avoid false and loose results 　　D．hard and unreasonable for scientists to observe 　　35．The meaning of the underlined words in “the details of spontaneous family relationships” can be expressed as 　　A．natural family relationships 　　B．quickly occurring family relationships 　　C．a(chǎn)nimals acting like a natural family 　　D．a(chǎn)nimal family behavior that cannot be preplanned or controlled Passage 3　　The single greatest shift in the history of massmunication technology occurred in the 15th century and was well described by Victor Hugo in a famous chapter of “NotreDame de Paris”. It was a cathedral. On all parts of the giant building, statuary and stone representations of every kind, bined with huge windows of stained glass, told the stories of the Bible and the saints, displayed the intricacies of Christian theology, adverted to the existence of highly unpleasant demonic winged creatures, referred diplomatically to the majesties of political power, and, in addition, by means of bells in bell towers, told time for the benefit of all of Paris and much of France. It was an awesome engine of munication．　　Then came the transition to something still more awesome. The new technology of mass munication was portable, could sit on your table, and was easily replicable, and yet, paradoxically, contained more information, more systematically presented, than even the largest of cathedrals. It was the printed book. Though it provided no bells and could not tell time, the overall superiority of the new invention was unmistakable．　　In the last ten or twenty years, we have been undergoing a more or less equivalent shiftthis time to a new life as a puterusing population. The gain in portability, capability, ease, orderliness, accuracy, reliability, and informationstorage over anything achievable by pen scribbling, typewriting, and cabinet filing is recognized by all. The progress for civilization is undeniable and, plainly, irreversible. Yet, just as the book39。s triumph has also divided the human race．　　You have only to bring a puter into a room to see that some people begin at once to buzz with curiosity and excitement, sit down to conduct experiments, oh and ah at the boxes and beeps, and master the use of the puter or a new program as quickly as athletes playing a delightful new game. But how difficult it ishow grim and frightful for the other people, the defeated class, whose temperament does not naturally respond to puters. The machine whirrs and glows before them and their faces twitch. They may be splendidly educated, as measured by bookreading, yet their instincts are all wrong, and no amount of manualstudying and mouseclicking will make them right. Computers require a sharply different set of aptitudes, and, if the aptitudes are missing, little can be done, and misery is guaranteed．　　Is the puter industry aware that puters have divided mankind into two new, previously unknown classes, the puter personalities and the nonputer personalities? Yes, the industry knows this. Vast sums have been expended in order to adapt the puter to the limitations of nonputer personalities. Apple39。s efforts are reaching a culmination of sons. Microsoft, Bill Gates39。 wife, Melinda French, and intended to render puter technology available even to people who are openly terrified of puters. Bob39。ve got it, you need almost nothing else, neither money, looks, nor pedigree. (41) It is a giftonly given to give away, and the more used the more there is. It is also a climate of behavior set for perpetual summer and controlled by taste and tact．　　Real charm is dynamic, an enveloping spell which mysteriously enslaves the senses. It is an inner light, fed on reservoirs of benevolence which well up like a thermal spring. It is unconscious, often nothing but the wish to please, and cannot be turned on and off at will．　　(42) You recognize charm by the feeling you get in its presence. You know who has it. But can you get it too? Probably, you can39。s a quickness of spirit, an originality of touch you have to be born with. Or it39。t hold itself back till you39。re worth the trouble.