【正文】 djusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 39。 hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by 39。, or French, hours, which split the day into two 12hour periods mencing at midnight.F The earliest recorded weightdriven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power。s anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once a second and thus led to the development of a new floorstanding case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.H Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all puters contain a quartzcrystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stocktrading systems and nationwide powerdistribution grids. So integral have these timebased technologies bee to daytoday existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, AH.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, AH, in boxes 14 on your answer sheet1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendar in farming munities3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time using uniform hoursQuestions 58Look at the following events (Questions 58) and the list of nationalities below.Match each event with the correct nationality, AF.Write the correct letter, AF, in boxes 58 on your answer sheet.5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in length.6 They divided the day into two equal halves.7 They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of timekeeper.8 They created a calendar to organise public events and work schedules.List of Nationalities9TestlQuestions 14ABBabylonians Egyptians20CDEGreeks English GermansFFrenchTestlQuestions 14Questions 913 Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 913 on your answer sheet.escapement (resemblingsmall arcHow the 1670 leverbased device workedREADING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1426, which are based on Reading Passage 2 on the following pages.Questions 1419Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, AG.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and CG from the list below.ExampleAnswerParagraph BX15Paragraph C16Paragraph D17Paragraph E18Paragraph F19Paragraph G2214 Paragraph AWrite the correct number, ix, in boxes 1419 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsiDisobeying FAA regulationsiiAviation disaster prompts actioniiiTwo coincidental developmentsivSetting altitude zonesVAn oversimplified viewviControlling pilots39。s ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.C In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio munication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the FAA that fullscale regulation of America39。 margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.D Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation39。s instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which acmodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot39。ganzfeld39。whole field39。signals39。whole field39。sender39。receiver39。 if telepathy is real, however, the hitrate would be higher. In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analysed by one of its pioneers, the American parapsychologist Charles Honorton. They pointed to typical hitrates of better than 30 per cent a small effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could not be put down to chance.The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for telepathy. But there was a crucial flaw in this argument one routinely overlooked in more conventional areas of science. Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepat