【正文】
??? ??pBpA amam?? ?pBpA FF?? ?According to Newton’s second law 經(jīng)典力學(xué)的相對性原理 Observers in different inertial framed agree on the force acting on an object. Newton’s second law GalileanNewtonian Relativity to Mechanics pApA amF?? ?pBpB amF?? ?GalileanNewtonian Relativity to Mechanics : that the basic laws of physics are the same in all inertial reference frames. 經(jīng)典力學(xué)的相對性原理 :對于任何慣性參照系 , 牛頓力學(xué)的規(guī)律都具有相同的形式 . All inertial reference frames are equivalent for the description of mechanical phenomena. 伽利略變換 當(dāng) 時 039。oo 與 重合 txx v??39。zz ?39。位置坐標(biāo)變換公式 經(jīng)典力學(xué)認(rèn)為 1)空間的量度是絕對的 , 與參考系無關(guān); 2)時間的量度也是絕對的 , 與參考系無關(guān) . The Spacetime Coordinates of An Event(事件 ): (x,y,z,t) (x,y,z) (x’,y’,z’) (事件 ) FourDimensional SpaceTime zz aa ?39。xx aa ?39。aa ?? ?amF ?? ? 39。yy uu ?39。伽利略速度變換公式 在兩相互作勻速直線運動的慣性系中,牛頓運動定律具有相同的形式 . x39。yv?o 39。z39。,39。(),(zyxzyxPx39。z39。x39。yv?o39。z39。北宋天文學(xué)家記載從公元 1054年 ~ 1056年 均能用肉眼觀察 , 特別是開始的 23 天 , 白天也能看見 . k m / s1500?v物質(zhì)飛散速度 l = 5000 光年 c?v?? ?cA B 當(dāng)一顆恒星在發(fā)生超新星爆發(fā)時 , 它的外圍物質(zhì)向四面八方飛散 , 即有些拋射物向著地球運動 , 現(xiàn)研究超新星爆發(fā)過程中光線傳播引起的疑問 . 實際持續(xù)時間約為 22 個月 , 這怎么解釋 ? 年25???? AB ttt理論計算觀察到超新性爆發(fā)的強光的時間持續(xù)約 l = 5000 光年 c?v?? ?ck m / s1500?v物質(zhì)飛散速度 A B v?? cltA A 點光線到達(dá)地球所需時間 cltB ?B 點光線到達(dá)地球所需時間 The MichelsonMorley Experiment Michelson’s Interferometer 邁克爾孫 — 莫雷實驗 為了測量地球相對于“以太”的運動 , 1881年 邁克爾孫用他自制的干涉儀進(jìn)行測量 , 沒有結(jié)果 . 1887年他與莫雷以更高的精度重新做了此類實驗 , 仍得到零結(jié)果 ,即 未觀測到地球相對“以太”的運動 . L G1 G2 Michelson’s Interferometer ??????????2)12(222 1221 ???mmLdd?? mL ??? ?? 221??? Lm ??? 221 ??If M2 is moved by , then and the fringe pattern is shifted by one fringe 2???L?? ?? 211???? mN2?NL ?? ? ?? N?? ?21M1’ L M’1 L v?s G M1 M2 T G M1 G vv ????clclt1G M2 G 222 12ccltv??22cltcΔ v???2222 clΔN ?? v???G M2 c? 22 v?cv?M2 G c?v?22 v?cv?s M2 M1 l?? 12 GMGMG T 設(shè)“以太”參考系為 S系,實驗室為 系 39。s(從 系看) 2222clΔN??v???m / s103,nm5 0 0,m10 4???? v?l?? N 人們?yōu)榫S護(hù) “以太” 觀念作了種種努力, 提出了各種理論 ,但這些理論或與天文觀察,或與其它的實驗相矛盾,最后均以 失敗 告終 . 儀器可測量精度 ?? N 實驗結(jié)果 未 觀察到地球相對于“以太”的運動 . 0??NMichelson’s Interferometer Michelson’s Interferometer 46” Michelson’s Interferometer 46” 1. The Relativity Postulate: Postulates of the Special Theory Relativity The laws of physics are the same form in all inertial reference frames. No frame is perfected. 2. Constancy of the Speed of Light Postulate: Light propagates through empty space with a definite speed c independent of the speed of the source or observer. The Ultimate Speed: cv ?smcv /458 792 299??一 狹義相對論的基本原理 1) 愛因斯坦相對性原理:物理定律在 所有 的慣性系中都具有相同的表達(dá)形式 . 2) 光速不變原理: 真空中的光速是常量,它與光源或觀察者的運動無關(guān),即不依賴于慣性系的選擇 . 關(guān)鍵概念:相對性和不變性 . 相對性原理是自然界的普遍規(guī)律 . 所有的慣性參考系都是等價的 . 伽利略變換與 狹義相對論的基本原理不符 . The Relativity of Simultaneity Simultaneity 事件 1 :車廂 后 壁接收器接收到光信號 . 事件 2 :車廂 前 壁接收器接收到光信號 . 和 光速不變 緊密聯(lián)系在一起的是:在某一慣性系中 同時發(fā)生的兩個事件,在相對于此慣性系運動的另一慣性系中觀察,并 不一定是同時 發(fā)生的 . The Relativity of Simultaneity v?39。y39。x39。o1 2xyov?123691236912369Event 2 )39。( 111 txP),( 222 txPFrame S (on Earth) Frame S39。,39。39。39。 12 ???? tttIn S39。39。=0 t1=0 t39。 tt ???2139。=0 t1=0 t39。 ??????? ?For a student rests in the teacher’s frame S : For a moving clock with the student in frame S’: t139。1 t2 (a) C139。 ? t A friend of your travels by you in her fast sports car at a speed of . It is measured in your frame to be long and high. (a) What will be its length and height at rest? (b) How many seconds would you say elapsed on your friend’s watch when passed on you? (c) How fast did you appear to be traveling according to your friend? (d) How many seconds would she say elapsed on your watch when she saw pass on her? Solution: 10() A friend of your travels by you in her fast sports car at a speed of . It is measured in your frame to be long and high. (a) What will be its length and height at rest? (b) How many seconds would you say elapsed on your friend’s watch when passed on you? (c) How fast did you appear to be traveling according to your friend? (d) How many seconds would she say elapsed on your watch when she saw pass on her? Solution: 10() 狹義相對論的時空觀 1) 兩個事件在不同的慣性系看來,它們的空間關(guān)系是相對的, 時間關(guān)系也是相對的,只有將空間和時間聯(lián)系在一起才有意義 . 2) 時 —空不互相獨立,而是不可分割的整體 . 3) 光速 C 是建立不同慣性系間時空變換的紐帶 . 3) 時, . c??v 39。39。39。)(39。39。39。39。 , 12121212 ttxxxttxxx??????????? 39。39。39。39。39。39。)(39。39。)(39。39。39。39。 2 39。 1 39。39。39。39。?x?and the events are simultaneous in S’: 039。?t?2cxvt 39。?x?( not simultaneous in S ) Simultaneity Consequences of the Lorentz Transformation Equations cxvtt )39。(2????? ?If two events occur at difference places in S’: 0?39。??? ?and the events are simultaneous in S’: 039。x?Time Dilation 039。t ?? ?In S’: 39。39。 , 12121212 ttxxxttxxx??????????? 39。39。39。39。39。39。)(39。39。)(39。39。39。39。ttvx39。 Lx ??If we put 0 a n d ?? tLx ?? 0????xtvx39。x ?? ?LL ?0The rod’s end points are measured simultaneously. 0?t?0?t?Length Contraction 039。 tvxx ??? ?? ?0 a n d ?? tLx ??The rod’s end points are measured simultaneously. xx0?t?0?t?x)x(39。)(39。st 39。t39。t be?(b)What is the meaning of the minus