【正文】 tions, heat exchanger geometry and ?uid properties, was also presented. The present paper is therefore aimed at assessing the formulation introduced by Hermes (2021) for designing condensers and evaporators for refrigeration systems spanning from household application, which amounts w10% of the electrical energy consumed worldwide (Malo and Silva, 2021). 2. Mathematical formulation In general, condensers and evaporators for refrigeration applications are designed considering the coil ?ooded with twophase refrigerant, and also a wall temperature equal to the refrigerant temperature (Barbarossa and Hermes, 2021), in such a way as the temperature pro?les along the streams are those represented in Fig. 1. In addition, the outer (., air,water, brine) side heat transfer coef?cient and the physical properties are assumed to be constant. Therefore, the heat transfer rate if calculated from: （ 1） where is the mass ?ow rate, Ti, To and Ts are the inlet, outlet and surface temperatures, respectively, Q 188。 Kotcioglu et al.,2021。 Achaean and Wongwises, 2021。 Shah and Siliculose, 2021). The second has been preferred to the former for the sake of pact heat exchanger design as the effectiveness (ε), de?ned as the ratio between the actual heat transfer rate and the maximum amount that can be transferred, provides a 1stlaw criterion to rank the heat , whereas the number of transfer units (NTU) pares the thermal size of the heat exchanger with its capacity of heating or cooling fluid. Furthermore, the εNTU approach avoids the cumbersome iterative solution required by the LMTD for outlet temperature , neither εNTU or LMTD approaches are suitable to address the heat transfer/pumping power tradeoff,which is the crux for a balanced heat exchanger design. For this purpose, Bajan (1987) established the socalled thermodynamic design method, later renamed as entropy generation minimization method (Bajan, 1996), which balances the thermodynamic irreversibilities due to the heat transfer with a ?nite temperature difference to those associated with the viscous ?uid ?ow, thus providing a 2ndlaw criterion that has been widely used for the sake of heat exchanger design and optimization (San and Jan, 2021。industry 1. Introduction Condensers and evaporators are heat exchangers with fairly uniformwall temperature employed in a wide range of HVACR products, spanning from household to industrial applications. In general, they are designed aiming at acplishing a certain heat transfer duty at the penalty of pumping are two wellestablished methods available for the thermal heat exchanger design, the logmean temperature difference (LMTD) and the effectiveness/number of transfer units (εNTU) approach (Kakac184。heat exchanger。附錄 B：參考英文文獻(xiàn)及譯文 Thermodynamic design of condensers and evaporators:Formulation and applications Christian . Hermes a b s t r a c t This paper assesses the thermhydraulic design approach introduced in a previous publication (Hermes, 2021) for condensers and evaporators aimed at minimum entropy generation. An algebraic model which expresses the dimensionless rate of entropy generation as a function of the number of transfer units, the ?uid properties, the thermalhydraulic characteristics, and the operating conditions is derived. Case studies are carried out with different heat exchanger con?gurgitations for smallcapacity refrigeration applications. The theoretical analysis led to the conclusion that a high effectiveness heat exchanger does not necessarily provide the best thermalhydraulic design for condenser and evaporator coils, when the rates of entropy generation due to heat transfer and ?uid friction are of the same order of magnitude. The analysis also indicated that a high aspect ratio heat exchanger produces a lower amount of entropy than a low aspect ratio thermodynamic condenser et desse 180。evaporate: formulation et applications. Keywords: floating head。design。 and Liu, 2021。 Leprous et al., 2021。 Mishap et al., 2021。 Pussoli et al., 2021。 hAs(TseTm) is the heat transfer rate, Tm is the mean ?ow temperature over the heat transfer area, As, and ε is the heat exchanger effectiveness, calcul