【正文】 Consortium follows the line of (Haber and McNabb 1990). They introduced the concept of the visualization pipeline, which describes visualization as a multilevel process starting from nongraphical object representations stored in a repository (. a database) and ending with the final presentation of graphical entities on a display device. In the OpenGIS framework presentation of spatial data is discussed under the term portrayal and is realized in a four level portrayal pipeline (see Doyle and Cuthbert 1998). The lowest level is built by the spatial data resources. In a selection step the interesting objects are retrieved. The second step transforms the selected spatial objects to a graphical representation, . the spatial objects are mapped to display elements. In the third step the generated display 9 elements are rendered to an image, which in the final step is displayed to the user by an appropriate output device. The ponents of the portrayal pipeline have not to reside on the same system。 本科畢業(yè) 設計 外文文獻及譯文 文 獻 、資 料 題目 ： Applications and Solutions for Interoperable 3d GeoVisualization 文獻、資料來源： 網(wǎng)絡 文獻、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期： 2020 院 （部）： 專 業(yè)： 班 級： 姓 名： 學 號： 指導教師： 翻譯日期： 1 外文文獻： Applications and Solutions for Interoperable 3d GeoVisualization 3D visualizations of spatial objects are employed in an increasing number of applications from the areas of (urban) planning, city marketing, tourism, and facility management. Further application fields could be entered, if distributed spatial objects could be integrated on the fly into one 3d scene. We argue, that this integration can only be successful (and in some cases only be possible) if it does not mean to copy and concentrate all data into one monolithic system. In this article we sketch promising new applications and examine their technical requirements. We discuss how these issues can be addressed by the use of interoperable geo web services, following the standards proposed by the OpenGIS Consortium, the ISO, and the initiative Geodata Infrastructure North RhineWestphalia (GDI NRW) in Germany. To overe current limitations we introduce a new web service for the 3d visualization of spatial data. The presented application scenarios are a result of the feasibility study Virtual Regions in the RhineRuhr area 2020 which has been carried out on behalf of the state government of North RhineWestphalia in Germany. 1. INTRODUCTION 3D city and landscape models reveal a high information potential for a variety of application fields in the private and public sector. Besides the wellknown applications in the fields of architecture,urban and transport planning, surveying and mobile telemunication, 3d models bee increasingly important in the fields of city and regional marketing (. representation of regions,municipalities, panies and Football World Cup locations), tourism (recreation, culture), telematics (pedestrian and car navigation), civil protection (flood protection, noise and pollutant dispersion, disaster management), real estate management (broker, banks, assurances), and facility management. Most applications typically need various geoinformation from different data providers. . an architecture firm requires for the planning of a new shopping mall digital 3d geoinformation in terms of a small scaled and low detailed city model covering the whole planning area, which will support the identification of appropriate locations. The 3d objects also have to be related to socioeconomical 2d geoinformation. When the appropriate location has been found, detailed 2 architectural resp. building models with detailed texturing are necessary for the target area in order to be able to demonstrate the integration of the shopping mall with its environment b y 3d arise, because spatial data sets are not only scattered over different public and private data providers, but also use different models, data formats, and levels of detail. Because of these heterogeneous conditions, integrated 3d visualization of these data resources proves to be plicated. Indeed, a general strategy for interoperable 3d geovisualization in the context of geoinformation systems is still missing. At large, the widespread and sustainable use of 3d geoinformation in the mentioned application fields is hindered by high pricing, limited data availability, missing 3d analysis instruments, diversity of formats and processing systems, and insufficient access mechanisms. Above, data actuality and quality of 3d models often is low, because in many cases 3d city models have been acquired for specific projects only and were not updated afterwards. However, users require immediate data access, means for the interoperable integration of different 3d geoinformation in different levels of detail, tools for 3d analysis and further data processing (based on data storage using databases, general purpose 3d GIS with functionalities like visibility analyses etc.) as well as solutions for interactive visualization and presentation. Furthermore, aspects of model integrity, security, data updating (and its costs), 2d3dintegration, real time visualization and texturing (highly resp. less detailed, photorealistic or pseudo textures) are of utmost importance for the quality and user acceptance of 3d geoinformation systems. It is the aim of the initiative Geo Data Infrastructure North RhineWestphalia (GDI NRW) to improve the availability, use and distribution of spatial data and thereby enable the geoinformation market in NRW and beyond. The GDI NRW realizes an open work bringing together geoinformation producers, value adders, brokers and users. By the application of web service technology the spatial data from public and private sources can be regi