【正文】 0 n/a n/a CDA C rolling resistance City (mpg) 0 0 0 0 High way (mpg) 0 0 0 0 Combined (mpg) 0 0 0 0 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 5 質(zhì)量： 這些傳統(tǒng)的 時(shí)流行的福特品牌的金牛座車的評(píng)估報(bào)告。這與今天的車輛在質(zhì)量比較上是巨幅的減少；并且這些數(shù)據(jù)還可以用在 其它的高效率的總成以及作為 滿足 PNGV計(jì)劃中所要求的技術(shù)參數(shù)。在這項(xiàng)研究中 ，當(dāng)電池的充電量低于 40%時(shí) HPU將打開，而電池的充電電量達(dá)到 80%以上時(shí)將關(guān)閉。 它是樣定義的，將 60%的 SOC狀態(tài)定位高，將 50%的 SOC狀態(tài)定為低 ： *HPU不會(huì)停機(jī)（除非實(shí)在不需要時(shí)） *不論是否達(dá)在電池的充電狀態(tài)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)都可以產(chǎn)生在成制動(dòng)力。 當(dāng)點(diǎn)亮過(guò)高時(shí)將不會(huì)充電。為了提高城市燃油的經(jīng) 濟(jì)性，兩個(gè)緊接的從高電量狀態(tài)到低電量狀態(tài)的城市循環(huán)工況各自反映了電池電量的減少和增加。這將確保一個(gè)公平的比較常規(guī)的車輛和混合動(dòng)力汽車對(duì)電池組的任何電能盈余或赤字。 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 6 表 2 ： 數(shù)據(jù)的來(lái)源為模仿輸入和性能要求 車輛的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)： 靈敏度分析的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)的模擬車輛說(shuō)明如何敏感輸出（燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性在這種情況下）是變化的輸入?yún)?shù)。此外，相對(duì)比較有可能 的是 ， 由于輸入?yún)?shù)的變化可以很容易地計(jì)算出 燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性 的數(shù)量變化 。這表明這些系數(shù)可以在超出 10%的情況下計(jì)算，但是信任值不能超出正負(fù) 10%。 (parallel, conventional) / 1 spd. (series) 92% / 98% Automotive Engineering, 1996 Heat Engine (HPU) Scaled 85 kW TDI Diesel Stock, D., 1990 Motor/Controller Scaled 75 kW AC Induction Lesster, L., 1993 Energy Storage: Batteries Horizon 12N8 5 Electro source 060 mph time second s PNGV Goals Grade ability at 55 mph % indefinitely More stringent than PNGV goal, which is % for 20 minutes 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 7 對(duì)于這五種汽車模型的參數(shù)分析的結(jié)果顯示在圖 2 的條形圖中。 請(qǐng)注意， 所有五種車的靈敏度系數(shù)是 。由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是混合動(dòng)力或常規(guī)車輛的能量轉(zhuǎn)換器，這并不奇怪，但仍然必須牢記。 圖 2：燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性的主要參數(shù) 圖 2的結(jié)果表明，電池效率和電機(jī)效率的敏感性系數(shù)為 3倍串聯(lián)式車輛大致是并聯(lián)式車輛的三倍。這樣串 聯(lián)式的比并聯(lián)式可以通過(guò)電池提供更多的動(dòng)力，也會(huì)引起電池更多的消耗 。 坐標(biāo)軸下的四個(gè)參數(shù)量會(huì)在燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性提高的時(shí)候減小。舉例說(shuō)明盡可能減少負(fù)荷對(duì) 3倍車的影響：每減少 1％配件負(fù)荷，燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性有 ％的升幅。 這些結(jié)果使燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性的權(quán)衡是可以量化的附加功能 的汽車，如白天行駛的時(shí)候 開 燈?？梢缘贸?80英里每加侖的曲線是 PNGV計(jì)劃中所要求的。從這個(gè)圖中可以清晰顯示出對(duì)于今天傳統(tǒng)的 HPU效率在 20%左右的花火點(diǎn)火式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)減重和減阻 是不夠的。同時(shí)，該圖顯示使 3倍的混合動(dòng)力車提高 HPU效率，采用混合動(dòng)力模式以及減阻還很難。 混合動(dòng)力的 作用 ： 單獨(dú)考慮混合動(dòng)力的作用 ，也就是用混合動(dòng)力裝置來(lái)代替?zhèn)鹘y(tǒng)的動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)裝置 ，在最初的五種汽車模型中， 3倍的混合動(dòng)力車沒(méi)有被定為混合動(dòng)力而 力。這樣傳統(tǒng)的輕質(zhì)量的車在用了混合動(dòng)力裝置后保持車輛質(zhì)量不變的情況下，會(huì)將在 加侖 的時(shí)速時(shí)提高約 24%。這表明這些車的混合動(dòng)力裝置并沒(méi)達(dá)到完美的地步。 混合動(dòng)力的另一個(gè)方面的作用可以從 3倍的混合動(dòng)力車采取串聯(lián)式和并聯(lián)式之間的差異來(lái)獲得。這就意味著，在保持質(zhì)量相同的情況下，兩種混合動(dòng)力的布置形式得到的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性幾乎相同。 如果將串聯(lián)式混合動(dòng)力的車的質(zhì)量定為 1100公斤，而不是最初定位的 1000公斤，那么燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性將達(dá)到 。圖 4是一個(gè)二維的圖，來(lái)顯示在質(zhì)量為 1100公斤時(shí)，燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性與傳動(dòng)效率的關(guān)系。 給出這樣串聯(lián)式的混合動(dòng)力模型用在這里會(huì)有更高的效率，通過(guò)交流式異步電機(jī)可以提高單齒變速器的效率到達(dá) 98%，但是傳動(dòng)效率會(huì)有所限制。 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 10 結(jié)束語(yǔ)： 全國(guó)可再造能源實(shí)驗(yàn)室發(fā)明了一種名為 ADVISOR的先進(jìn)的汽 車模型仿真軟件，用來(lái)對(duì)汽車進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)分析和交易研究。 串聯(lián)形式和并聯(lián)形式的混合動(dòng)力模式的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性都被設(shè)計(jì)到，包括在 燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性 到達(dá) 80英里每加侖 的情況也被涉及到。三倍的串聯(lián)式和并聯(lián)式的混合動(dòng)力車在相同的整備質(zhì)量下有相同的燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性，但是當(dāng)汽車的重量在提高 100公斤是到達(dá) 80英里每 加侖 將會(huì)非常困難。s fast execution speed and the open programming environment of MATLAB/Simulink, the simulator is ideally suited for doing parametric studies to map out the design space of potential high fuel economy vehicles (3X) consistent with the goals of the Partnership for New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). Five separate vehicle configurations have been modeled including 3 lightweight vehicles (parallel, series, and conventional drivetrains) along with 2 vehicles with 1996 vehicle weights (parallel and conventional drivetrains). The sensitivity of each vehicle39。s Center for Transportation Technologies and Systems created a simulation model for advanced vehicles called ADVISOR (ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR) in the graphical, objectoriented programming language of Simulink/ MATLAB from the MathWorks, Inc. The model was created in support of the hybrid vehiclesubcontracts with the auto industry for the Department of Energy. ADVISOR approximates the continuous behavior of a vehicle as a series of discrete steps during each of which the ponents are assumed to be at steady state. That is, at each time step, the effects of changing current, voltage, torque, and RPM are neglected. This allows efficiency or power loss tables, which are generated by testing a drivetrain ponent at a fixed torque and RPM (and current and voltage, if applicable), to be used to relate the power demands of the ponents at each time step. A significant 武漢科技大學(xué)本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯 12 advantage of using a model that is in the Simulink/MATLAB environment is the flexibility and ease of changing the model, such as replacing one control strategy or regenerative braking algorithm with another. MATLAB also allows easy plotting of results that makes detailed analysis of vehicle configurations possible. ADVISOR is driven by the input driving profiles which can be the classic speed vs. time, such as the federal urban driving schedule (FUDS), or a speed and grade vs. time driving profile. With a given driving profile goal, ADVISOR then works its way backwards from the required vehicle and wheel speeds to the required torques and speeds of each ponent between the wheels and the energy source, which is either fuel from the hybrid power unit (HPU) or electricity from the batteries. Limits for each of the ponents are included, so the actual speed vs. time profile puted is the one that is within the limits of all ponents and includes all ponent losses and vehicle drag. Figure 1 shows the top level of the series hybrid model in ADVISOR. Figure 1: Top level of ADVISOR series hybrid model Validation of the model and correlation with other vehicle simulations is extremely important to establish the credibility of a model. Through subcontracts with university teams who have built and tested successful hybrid vehicles, NREL has acquired many validated ponent models that include quantified uncertainties, increasing the credibility of that data. Final vehiclelevel validation including detailed uncertainty analysis is scheduled