【正文】 rstanding the basic drainage systems. So I don39。s appealing because it can be used to make a very quick record of the ideas that an artist may be envisioning, so, a drawing can serve as a visual aid for the artist to remember a certain moment of inspiration and maybe use it for a more detailed work later on. Okay, usually such sketches allow the artist to visualize the proportions and the shapes without much attention to details so these images can be used by painters, architects, sculptors? any artist really. And large renderings, sketches of parts of the whole . . . these can be helpful in the creative process when a . . . a huge image might be more difficult to conceive of in its entirety. Or, a sketch of just one face in a crowd can allow the artist to . . . focus on creating just that part of the image. So, in many artists39。s rare, in fact, for an artist to use permanent materials to begin a piece of art. And some painters, for example, even sketch onto the surface of the canvas before applying the pigments. Now, architects are especially prone to sketches because, of course, their buildings are so large that an image in smaller scale is necessary to the imagination and implementation of such projects. So, uh, these studies bee the basis for future works. And again, this is very interesting as a record of the creative process. Okay so far? Okay, drawing has several other functions besides as a temporary reference. For centuries, artists have used drawing as a traditional method of education. By copying the great works, especially of the Old Masters, aspiring artists could learn a lot about proportion, how to capture light and shadow and . . . and so forth. In fact, some artists who later achieve recognition, still continue to use this practice to hone their skills or . . . or simply to pay homage to another artist, as is often the case when a work of art originally created in another medium like a sculpture . . . when it39。s sculptures were recreated by wellknown artists. One that es to mind is the Study of Michelangelo39。s remember that photography is a relatively new art form, so prior to the use of photographs to record historical events, a quick drawing by an artist was about the only way to preserve a realtime visual account of an important moment. Although a more permanent visual impression might be rendered later, it would be based on memory and not on the artist39。t possible, for example, when judges won39。ve talked about three functions for drawing?as a visual aid for the artist to plete a future work, as a method of education for aspiring artists or even practiced artists, and as a way to report an event. But the sketchbook has . . . other possibilities. Sometimes a drawing is the final execution of the art. Picasso produced hundreds of drawings in, well, every 好好學(xué)習(xí)，天天向上 by finder conceivable medium, but especially in pencil and crayon. I find it very interesting that Picasso did so much of this kind of work . . . drawing, I mean, in his last years. Some critics have argued that he was just laughing at the art world, which was willing to pay outrageous sums for anything with his name on it, and clearly, a drawing can be executed in a short period of time. But others, other critics, they feel as I do that Picasso was drawing because it was so basic, and because it was so spontaneous and so much fun. And also, think about how difficult it really is to produce a quick drawing with a few lines and, uh, no opportunity to . . . to recreate the original , either by painting it out or remodeling the clay or changing the building materials, or . . . or any of the other methods for revision of a finished artistic work that artists have at their disposal. So, what I39。s elevated to a finished piece, it must be done with confidence and it must show a high degree of creativity and mastery of the art form. In a way, it harkens back to the beginnings of art itself, when some unknown artist must have stuck a finger in the earth to draw an image or . . . maybe he picked up a stone and made a drawing on the wall of a cave. Okay, so, as a first assignment, I want you to make a couple of sketches yourself. I39。t a studio art class. I just want you to use a few basic strokes to capture an image. You can do the first one in pencil, crayon, ink, chalk, or even charcoal . . . whatever you like. Then, I want you to sketch the same image in a different medium. So, if you do a face in pencil, I want you to do the same face but in chalk or crayon. Bring them to class next week and we39。ll talk more about the materials artists use to produce drawings, and, uh, we39。s fairly selfexplanatory. Professor: Host country, home country, and third country. Student: Right. But then you started talking about staffing patterns that . . . let me see . . . okay . . . you said, staffing patterns may vary depending on the length of time that the multinational pany has been operating, and you gave some examples, but I got confused and now I can39。s the one where home country nationals are put in charge of the pany if it39。s still defined as a developing country because of the economic base?which is being developed now. Student: Oh, okay. I guess that makes sense. Then the example of the American pany with British management . . . when the pany is in India . . . that would be a thirdcountry pattern. Professor: Yes. In fact, this pattern is fairly prevalent among multinational panies in the United States . Many Scottish or English managers have been hired for top management positions at United States subsidiaries in the former British colonies India , Jamaica , the West Indies, some parts of Africa . . . Student: Okay. So I39。s interesting. Professor: And important for you to know as a