【正文】 international military and civilian products on the market petitiveness of much stronger. And we in the information technology to transform traditional industries than about 20 years behind developed countries. Such as possession of machine tools in China, the proportion of CNC machine tools (CNC rate) in 1995 to only percent, while Japan in 1994 reached percent, every year a large number of imports of mechanical and electrical products. This also explains the macro CNC transformation of the need.Third, CNC machine tools and production lines of the transformation of the market , CNC transformation of the market My current machine total more than 380 million units, of which only the total number of CNC machine tool 113,400 Taiwan, or that China39。s annual output of about CNC machine tools to million units, an annual output value of about billion yuan. CNC machine tools annual rate of 6 per cent. China39。s products, markets, efficiency and impact The survival and development of enterprises. Therefore, we must vigorously raise the rate of CNC machine tools. , import equipment and production lines of the transformation of NC market Since China39。s economic construction play a due role. Some, however, the introduction of projects due to various reasons, not equipment or normal operation of the production line, and even paralyzed, and the effectiveness of enterprises affected by serious enterprise is in trouble. Some of the equipment, production lines introduced from abroad, the digestion and absorption of some bad, spare parts inplete, improper maintenance, poor operating results。 because some high energy consumption, low pass rate products incur losses, but some have introduced a longer time, and the need for technological upgrading. Some of the causes of the equipment did not create wealth, but consumption of wealth. These can not use the equipment, production lines is a burden, but also a number of significant assets in stock, wealth is repaired. As long as identifying the main technical difficulties, and solve key technical problems, we can minimize the investment and make the most of their assets in stock, gain the greatest economic and social benefits. This is a great transformation of the market. Fourth, NC transformation of the content and gifted missing , the rise of foreign trade reform In the United States, Japan and Germany and other developed countries, and their machine transform ation as new economic growth sector, the business scene, is in a golden age. The machine, as well as technology continues to progress, is a machine of the eternal issue. China39。 second NC, in the ordinary machine augends significant installations, or additions to NC system, transformed into NC machine tools, CNC machine tools。 Fourth, the technology updates or technical innovation, to enhance performance or grades, or for the use of new technology, new technologies, based on the original technology for largescale update or technological innovation, and more significantly raise the level, and grades of upgrading. , NC transformation of the gifted missing reduce the amount of investment, shorter delivery time Compared with the purchase of new machine, the general can save 60% to 80% of the costs and transforming lowcost. Especially for large, special machine tools particularly obvious. General transformation of largescale machine, spent only the cost of the new machine purchase 1 / 3, short delivery time. But some special circumstances, such as highspeed spindle, automatic tray switching systems and the production of the installation costs too costly and often raise the cost of 2 to 3 times pared with the purchase of new machine, only about 50 percent of savings investment. stable and reliable mechanical properties, structure limitedBy the use of bed, column, and other basic items are heavy and solid casting ponents, rather than kind of welding ponents of the machine after the highperformance, quality, and can continue to use the new equipment。 可以加工出傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床加工不出來(lái)的曲線(xiàn)、曲面等復(fù)雜的零件。 可以實(shí)現(xiàn)加工的自動(dòng)化，而且是柔性自動(dòng)化，從而效率可比傳統(tǒng)機(jī)床提高3～7倍。數(shù)控機(jī)床只要更換一個(gè)程序，就可實(shí)現(xiàn)另一工件加工的自動(dòng)化，從而使單件和小批生產(chǎn)得以自動(dòng)化，故被稱(chēng)為實(shí)現(xiàn)了柔性自動(dòng)化。 可實(shí)現(xiàn)多工序的集中，減少零件 在機(jī)床間的頻繁搬運(yùn)。 由以上五條派生的好處。以上這些優(yōu)越性是前人想象不到的，是一個(gè)極為重大的突破。數(shù)控技術(shù)已經(jīng)成為制造業(yè)自動(dòng)化的核心技術(shù)和基礎(chǔ)技術(shù)。其本質(zhì)是，采用信息技術(shù)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)（包括軍、民機(jī)械工業(yè)）進(jìn)行技術(shù)改造。以及在其生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品中增加信息技術(shù)，包括人工智能等的含量。而我們?cè)谛畔⒓夹g(shù)改造傳統(tǒng)產(chǎn)業(yè)方面比發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家約落后20年。這也就從宏觀上說(shuō)明了機(jī)床數(shù)控化改造的必要性。近10年來(lái)，～，年產(chǎn)值約為18億元。我國(guó)機(jī)床役齡10年以上的占60％以上；10年以下的機(jī)床中，自動(dòng)/半自動(dòng)機(jī)床不到20％，F(xiàn)MC/FMS等自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)更屈指可數(shù)（美國(guó)和日本自動(dòng)和半自動(dòng)機(jī)床占60％以上）。用這種裝備加工出來(lái)的產(chǎn)品普遍存在質(zhì)量差、品種少、檔次低、成本高、供貨期長(zhǎng)，從而在國(guó)際、國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上缺乏競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，直接影響一個(gè)企業(yè)的產(chǎn)品、市場(chǎng)、效益，影響企業(yè)的生存和發(fā)展。、進(jìn)口設(shè)備和生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)的數(shù)控化改造市場(chǎng)我國(guó)自改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，很多企業(yè)從國(guó)外引進(jìn)技術(shù)、設(shè)備和生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)進(jìn)行技術(shù)改造。這些項(xiàng)目中，大部分項(xiàng)目為我國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)發(fā)揮了應(yīng)有的作用。一些設(shè)備、生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)從國(guó)外引進(jìn)以后，有的消化吸收不好，備件不全，維護(hù)不當(dāng)，結(jié)果運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)不良；有的引進(jìn)時(shí)只注意引進(jìn)設(shè)備、儀器、生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)，忽視軟件、工藝、管理等，造成項(xiàng)目不完整，設(shè)備潛力不能發(fā)揮；有的甚至不能啟動(dòng)運(yùn)行，沒(méi)有發(fā)揮應(yīng)有的作用；有的生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)的產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)路很好，但是因?yàn)樵O(shè)備故障不能達(dá)產(chǎn)達(dá)標(biāo)；有的因?yàn)槟芎母?、產(chǎn)品合格率低而造成虧損；有的已引進(jìn)較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，需要進(jìn)行技術(shù)更新。這些不能使用的設(shè)備、生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)是個(gè)包袱，也是一批很大的存量資產(chǎn)，修好了就是財(cái)富。這也是一個(gè)極大的改造市場(chǎng)。由于機(jī)床以及技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步，機(jī)床改造是個(gè)永恒的課題。在美國(guó)、日本、德國(guó)，用數(shù)控技術(shù)改造機(jī)床和生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)具有廣闊的市場(chǎng)，已形成了機(jī)床和生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)數(shù)控改造的新的行業(yè)。從事再生業(yè)的著名公司有：Bertsche工程公司、ayton機(jī)床公司、DevliegBullavd（得寶）服務(wù)集團(tuán)、US設(shè)備公司等。在日本，機(jī)床改造業(yè)稱(chēng)為機(jī)床改裝（Retrofitting）業(yè)。、數(shù)控化改造的內(nèi)容機(jī)床與生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)的數(shù)控化改造主要內(nèi)容有以下幾點(diǎn)：其一是恢復(fù)原功能，對(duì)機(jī)床、生產(chǎn)線(xiàn)存在的故障部分進(jìn)行診斷并恢復(fù)；其二是NC化，在普通機(jī)床上加數(shù)顯裝置，或加數(shù)控系統(tǒng)，改造成NC機(jī)床、CNC機(jī)床；其三是翻新，為提高精度、效率和自動(dòng)化程度，對(duì)機(jī)械、電氣部分進(jìn)行翻新，對(duì)機(jī)械部分重新裝配加工，恢復(fù)原精度；對(duì)其不滿(mǎn)足生產(chǎn)要求的CNC系統(tǒng)以最新CNC進(jìn)行更新；其四是技術(shù)更新或技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，為提高性能或檔次，或?yàn)榱耸褂眯鹿に?、新技術(shù)，在原有基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行較大規(guī)模的技術(shù)更新或技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，較大幅度地提高水平和檔次的更新改造。特別是大型、特殊機(jī)床尤其明顯。但有些特殊情況，如高速主軸、托盤(pán)自動(dòng)交換裝置的制作與安裝過(guò)于費(fèi)工、費(fèi)錢(qián)，往往改造成本提高2～3倍，與購(gòu)置新機(jī)床相比，只能節(jié)省投資50％左右。齒輪和軸主要安裝在主軸箱來(lái)傳遞力的方向。所以我們對(duì)齒輪和軸的了解和認(rèn)識(shí)必須是多層次多方位的。我們將研究作用力具有三維坐標(biāo)的齒輪。而在錐齒輪的情況中各回轉(zhuǎn)軸線(xiàn)互相不平行。斜齒輪用于傳遞平行軸之間的運(yùn)動(dòng)。齒的形狀是一濺開(kāi)線(xiàn)螺旋面。如果我展開(kāi)這張紙，在血角刃邊上的每一個(gè)點(diǎn)就發(fā)生一漸開(kāi)線(xiàn)曲線(xiàn)。斜齒輪輪齒的初始接觸是一點(diǎn)，當(dāng)齒進(jìn)入更多的嚙合時(shí)，它就變成線(xiàn)。在斜齒輪中，該先是跨過(guò)齒面的對(duì)角線(xiàn)。斜齒輪使軸的軸承承受徑向和軸向力。雙斜齒輪（人字齒輪）是與反向的并排地裝在同一軸上的兩個(gè)斜齒輪等效。當(dāng)兩個(gè)或更多個(gè)單向齒斜齒輪被在同一軸上時(shí)，齒輪的齒向應(yīng)作選擇，以便產(chǎn)生最小的軸向推力。交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪的齒彼此之間發(fā)生點(diǎn)接觸，它隨著齒輪的磨合而變成線(xiàn)接觸。交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪與斜齒輪之間在被安裝后互相捏合之前是沒(méi)有任何區(qū)別的。一對(duì)相嚙合的交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪通常具有同樣的齒向，即左旋主動(dòng)齒輪跟右旋從動(dòng)齒輪相嚙合。然而當(dāng)該齒的斜角不相等時(shí)，如果兩個(gè)齒輪具有相同齒向的話(huà)，大斜角齒輪應(yīng)用作主動(dòng)齒輪。小齒輪即蝸桿具有較小的齒數(shù)，通常是一到四齒，由于它們完全纏繞在節(jié)圓柱上，因此它們被稱(chēng)為螺紋齒。蝸桿和蝸輪通常是用于向垂直相交軸之間的傳動(dòng)提供大的角速度減速比。然而蝸桿蝸輪傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)中存在齒間有較大滑移速度的缺點(diǎn)，正像交錯(cuò)軸斜齒輪那樣。單包圍機(jī)構(gòu)就是蝸輪包裹著蝸桿的一種機(jī)構(gòu)。著兩者之間的重要區(qū)別是，在雙包圍蝸輪組的輪齒間有面接觸，而