【正文】 load of the 6th grade polynomial temperature conversion running at 1 Hz. The second one was the additional CPU load caused by the plex functionality of the existing D/3 system. Here it was underestimated that each digital and analog input and output channel had it?s own alarm limits in the D/3 system. In a SCADA like system as Cube the base functionality of a channel is to read the value and make it available to the system. Any additional functionality must be added. Last not least the load on the work for polling all the alarm limits – typically for a SCADA system – was also driving the work to it?s limits. Finally the contract with Orsi was cancelled and an upgrade of the D/3 system was the only possible solution. It was finally carried out in march 2021. In any case it should be mentioned that the Cube approach had the advantage of a homogeneous configuration environment (for the Cube front end controllers) – pared with heterogeneous environments for ?pure? SCADA systems. SCADA (PVSSII) The H1 experiment at the HERA accelerator decided to use PVSSII for an upgrade of their slow control systems[3]. The existing systems were developed by several members of the H1 collaboration and were difficult to maintain. The decision to use PVSS as a replacement was driven by the results of an extensive survey carried out at CERN by the Joint Controls Project [4]. PVSS is a ?pure? Supervisory And Data Acquisition System (SCADA). It provides a set of drivers for several field buses and generic socket libraries to implement munication over TCP/IP. The core element is the so called event manager. It collects the data (mostly by polling) from the I/O devices and provides an event service to the attached management services like: control manager, database manager, user interface, API manager and the built in HTTP server. The PVSS scripting library allows to implement plex sequences as well as plex graphics. Compared with other SCADA systems PVSS es with one basic feature: it provides a true object oriented API to the device?s data. One major disadvantage of SCADA systems is the fact that two databases, the one for the PLC and the one for the SCADA system must be maintained. Integrated environments try to overe this restriction. EPICS EPICS has emerged at DESY from a problem solver to a fully integrated control system. Starting from the data collector and number cruncher for the cryogenic control system, EPICS made it?s way to bee the core application for the DESY utility group. In addition it is used wherever data is available through VME boards or by means of Industry Pack (IP) modules. For those cryogenic systems which are not controlled by the D/3 system EPICS is used with it?s plete functionality. In total about 50 Input Output Controller (IOC) are operational processing about 25 thousand records. 1 EPICS as a SCADA System The utility group ( water, electrical power, pressed air, heating and air conditioning) is using a variety of PLC?s spread out over the whole DESY site. EPICS is used to collect the data from these PLC?s over Profibus (FMS and DP) and over Ether (Siemens H1 and TCP). The IOC?s provide the interfaces to the buses and collect the data. The built in alarm checking of the EPICS records is used to store and forward alarm states to the alarm handler (alh) of the EPICS toolkit. In addition tools like the channel archiver and the graphic display (dm2k) are used. The default name resolution (by UDP broadcast) and the directory server (name server) are used to connect client and server applications over TCP. All of these are basically SCADA functions. The textual representation of all configuration files ( for the IOC, the graphic tool, the alarm handler and the archiver) provides a flexible configuration scheme. At DESY the utility group has developed a set of tools to create IOC databases and alarm configuration files from Oracle. This way the controls group provides the service to maintain the EPICS tools and the IOC?s while the users can concentrate on the equipment being controlled. 2 EPICS as a DCS System Besides the basic ponents of a SCADA system EPICS also provides a full flavoured Input Output Controller (IOC). The IOC provides all of the function a DCS system requires, such as: a standard set of properties implemented in each record, built in alarm checking processed during the execution of each record。 接口專業(yè)硬件， 掌控在手的談判或 商業(yè)解決方案的初始成本有可能促使大規(guī)模的合作。這適用于長遠(yuǎn)的技術(shù)支持。 結(jié)論 根據(jù)控制項(xiàng)目不同的規(guī)模和要求，整合的商業(yè)解決方案 和基于協(xié)作應(yīng)用程序的解決方案在百分之零到一百都有可能。在該軟件支持和升級(jí)證照的費(fèi)用，相當(dāng)于 倍的 FTE’ s 。主要的區(qū)別就是要為控制系統(tǒng)計(jì)入長期成本。你親自完成可能更自由靈活，但是有點(diǎn)難度。 如果你去尋求合作方式，你可能 與 公司簽合同或完成一切。現(xiàn)在的問題什么是一個(gè)控制系統(tǒng)的 TCO可能作出類似的結(jié)果。 成本： 自從個(gè)人電腦出現(xiàn)后， “ 一臺(tái)個(gè)人電腦的總成本是多少？ ” 這樣的問題一直使人忙碌。因此， KEKB 控制系統(tǒng)是工業(yè)用和民用升級(jí)軟件的混合體 。在 KEK，公司簽訂合同為 KEKB 升級(jí)提供程序員。盡管是 EPICS 編碼，但其最大的優(yōu)勢(shì)就是能調(diào)整雙方的特殊要求。優(yōu)勢(shì)就是明顯和 PLC 一樣：沒有穩(wěn)定的軟編程器，僅有配置，支持和良好的文件系統(tǒng)。 基于系統(tǒng)的 PLC： 基于系統(tǒng)的 PLC 是 Turn Key 系統(tǒng)成果。 大多數(shù) Turn Key 系統(tǒng)與 PLC 一起交付使用。雖然控制回路的詳細(xì)規(guī)格等，是現(xiàn)在子系統(tǒng)合同的一部分。個(gè)別元件分包給幾個(gè)公司進(jìn)行本地測(cè)試。 Turn Key 系統(tǒng)： 在工業(yè)中，有個(gè)明顯的趨勢(shì)就是產(chǎn)生了 Turn Key 系統(tǒng)。信號(hào)不能被連接到標(biāo)準(zhǔn) I / O 接口，也許有可能發(fā)展的 I / O 控制器的 允許 實(shí)施現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線接口，這能夠整合商業(yè)控制系統(tǒng)。信號(hào)可以被轉(zhuǎn)換成標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信號(hào)，但是這并不適用于所有的信號(hào)。 從 I / O 級(jí)開始，他們必須決定是否需要商業(yè)解決。分層命名方案是肯定可取的。 命名等級(jí)不特定于實(shí)施類型。設(shè)備為本的方法允許連接幾個(gè) I / O 點(diǎn)。 DCS 系統(tǒng)和大多數(shù)習(xí)慣性 /協(xié)作系統(tǒng)是有記錄的，或是設(shè)備為主。 這些對(duì)象由一系列特性（包括 I / O 點(diǎn)）和一套方法（宏或函數(shù)）組成。 6 命名空間 在供應(yīng)鏈系統(tǒng)中， SCADA 系統(tǒng)的單位名稱空間形容成警報(bào)部分。個(gè)人保護(hù)系統(tǒng)（ PPS）的要求有時(shí)候會(huì)由冗余的 PLC’ s 來滿足。 先進(jìn)的安全要求是由多余的 PLC 子系統(tǒng)覆蓋。也許是因?yàn)榫薮笈褪聦?shí)，它是只需要在罕見的事例。 5 冗余 如果冗余是指管理所有國家， I / O 所有值無縫道岔當(dāng)前正在運(yùn)行，它是一個(gè)域 ， 只有少數(shù)集 散系統(tǒng)。 協(xié)作系統(tǒng)尤其需要一定的開放性 以 實(shí)現(xiàn)各種發(fā)展組織的要求。因此，客戶定制精品，這個(gè)極其昂貴的。 4 編程接口 關(guān)于開放編程接口， PLC’ s 和 DCS 系統(tǒng)有相同策略。實(shí)現(xiàn)的數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)有能力儲(chǔ)存完整控制目標(biāo)，大部分的趨勢(shì)工具標(biāo)量數(shù)據(jù)存檔。 3 趨勢(shì)和歸檔 趨勢(shì)已成為控制系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)中的一個(gè)重要的業(yè)務(wù)。 DCS 系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于管理人員既可以登記警報(bào)狀態(tài)，從而提前得到信息，控制蔓延到在控制系統(tǒng)周圍的變化。 這種影響在 SCADA 和 DCS 系統(tǒng)之間也形成了影響。這是通常效率較低且容易出錯(cuò)，因?yàn)樗袑傩员仨毐粏为?dú)配置，這導(dǎo)致了一系列特性。 I / O 對(duì)象途徑在前后端系統(tǒng)的本土項(xiàng)目語言安插了警報(bào)檢測(cè)。實(shí)現(xiàn) I / O 對(duì)象的這些系統(tǒng)在前后端電腦提供警報(bào)檢查。這個(gè)預(yù)