【正文】 OMC is to promote coordination of the policies and activities pursued by the Participating Organizations, jointly or separately, to achieve the sound management of chemicals in relation to human health and the environment. WHO Library CataloguinginPublication Data Carbon disulfide. (Concise international chemical assessment document 。： 。: CARBON DISULFIDE First draft prepared by R. Newhook and . Meek, Existing Substances Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada。 46) 1. Carbon disulfide adverse effects 2. Risk assessment 3. Environmental exposure 4. Occupational exposure I. International Programme on Chemical Safety ISBN 92 4 153046 4 (NLM Classification: QV 633) ISSN 10206167 The World Health Organization weles requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Applications and enquiries should be addressed to the Office of Publications, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, which will be glad to provide the latest information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available. 169。 products does not imply that they are endorsed or remended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Germany, provided financial support for the printing of this publication. TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2. IDENTITY AND PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 3. ANALYTICAL METHODS 4. SOURCES OF HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE Natural sources Anthropogenic sources Production and uses 5. ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT, DISTRIBUTION, AND TRANSFORMATION Air Water Sediment and soil Biota Environmental modelling 6. ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS AND HUMAN EXPOSURE Environmental levels Ambient air Indoor air Surface water and groundwater Drinkingwater Soil and sediment Food Consumer products Human tissues and fluids Human exposure: Environmental Human exposure: Occupational 7. COMPARATIVE KINETICS AND METABOLISM IN LABORATORY ANIMALS AND HUMANS 8. EFFECTS ON LABORATORY MAMMALS AND IN VITRO TEST SYSTEMS Single exposure Short, medium, and longterm exposure Inhalation Oral Carcinogenicity Genotoxicity and related endpoints Reproductive toxicity Mode of action of critical effect 9. EFFECTS ON HUMANS Acute effects Effects of longterm exposure Effects on the nervous system Cardiovascular disease Risk factors for cardiovascular disease Effects on the eye Carcinogenicity Effects on reproduction and development Other effects 10. EFFECTS ON ORGANISMS IN THE LABORATORY AND FIELD Terrestrial anisms Aquatic anisms 11. EFFECTS EVALUATION Evaluation of health effects Hazard identification Exposureresponse analyses and criteria for setting tolerable intakes/concentrations or guidance values Sample risk characterization for the general population Uncertainties and degree of confidence Evaluation of environmental effects Terrestrial anisms Aquatic anisms Discussion of uncertainty 12. PREVIOUS EVALUATIONS BY INTERNATIONAL BODIES REFERENCES APPENDIX 1 – SOURCE DOCUMENT APPENDIX 2 – CICAD PEER REVIEW APPENDIX 3 – CICAD FINAL REVIEW BOARD APPENDIX 4 – CALCULATION OF THE BMC INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL SAFETY CARD R201。 D39。N FOREWORD Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents (CICADs) are the latest in a family of publications from the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) – a cooperative programme of the World Health Organization (WHO), the International Labour Organization (ILO), and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). CICADs join the Environmental Health Criteria documents (EHCs) as authoritative documents on the risk assessment of chemicals. International Chemical Safety Cards on the relevant chemical(s) are attached at the end of the CICAD, to provide the reader with concise information on the protection of human health and on emergency action. They are produced in a separate peerreviewed procedure at IPCS. CICADs are concise documents that provide summaries of the relevant scientific information concerning the potential effects of chemicals upon human health and/or the environment. They are based on selected national or regional evaluation documents or on existing EHCs. Before acceptance for publication as CICADs by IPCS, these documents undergo extensive peer review by internationally selected experts to ensure their pleteness, accuracy in the way in which the original data are represented, and the validity of the conclusions drawn. The primary objective of CICADs is characterization of hazard and doseresponse from exposure to a chemical. CICADs are not a summary of all available data on a particular chemical。 and/or ? there is significant toxicity/ecotoxicity. Thus, a priority chemical typically ? is of transboundary concern。 ? is significantly traded internationally。 ? has dispersive use. The Steering Group will also advise IPCS on the appropriate form of the document (., EHC or CICAD) and which institution bears the responsibility of the document production, as well as on the type and extent of the international peer review. The first draft is based on an existing national, regional, or international review. Authors of the first draft are usually, but not necessarily, from the institution that developed the original review. A standard outline has been developed to encourage consistency in form. The first draft undergoes primary review by IPCS to ensure that it meets the specified criteria for CICAD