【正文】 起始原料。 contrast to inorganic chemicals which, as we have already seen,are derived pfom many different sources, the multitude of mercially important organic pounds are essentially derived from a single in excess of 99% of all organic chemicals is obtained from crue oil and natural gas via petrochemical ，商業(yè)上的一些重要的有機化合物基本上來源單一。一些較重要的來源是金屬礦以及鹽和海水。如此的數(shù)量與理論上可能形成的含碳化合物的數(shù)量相比，相形見絀。這種合作所采取的方式可以是對如何使用一種化學產(chǎn)品提出建議，或者是生產(chǎn)出一種新的化學產(chǎn)品以解決客戶的某個特殊的困難。他們還研究一些提高產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量、減少空氣和水中環(huán)境污染的措施。確實，曾經(jīng)有些車間因為沒有預計到的問題如控制、腐蝕、雜質(zhì)或因為經(jīng)濟方面的問題而從來沒有運轉(zhuǎn)過。中間經(jīng)常會遇到要求設(shè)備完善的問題?；瘜W工程師的職責就是詳細說明所有過程中的流速和條件，設(shè)備類型和尺寸，制造材料，流程構(gòu)造，控制系統(tǒng)，環(huán)境保護系統(tǒng)以及其它相關(guān)技術(shù)參數(shù)。如果結(jié)果顯示投入的資金不能有足夠的回報，這項計劃將被停止。 the pilot plant is operational, performance and optimization data can be obtained in order to evaluate the process from an economic point of profitability is assessed at each stage of the development of the it appears that not enough money will be made to justify the capital investment, the project will be ，就能獲得性能數(shù)據(jù)和選定最佳數(shù)值以便從經(jīng)濟學角度對流程進行評價。1 chemical industry is a very high technology industry which takes full advantage of the latest advances in electronics and are very widely used for all sorts of applications, from automatic control of chemical plants, to molecular modeling of structures of new pounds, to the control of analytical instruments in the ，它需要利用電子學和工程學的最新成果。 terms of shelter the contribution of modern synthetic polymers has been are tending to replace traditional building materials like wood because they are lighter, maintenancefree講到住所方面現(xiàn)代合成高聚物的貢獻是巨大的。這些產(chǎn)品再被用來生產(chǎn)消費品，這些消費品可以使我們的生活更為舒適或者作藥物維持人類的健康或生命。 present, however, many intermediates to products produced, from raw materials like crude oil through(in some cases)many intermediates to products which may be used directly as consumer goods, or readily converted into difficulty cones in deciding at which point in this sequence the particular operation ceases to be part of the chemical industry’s sphere of ，從一些原料物質(zhì)像用于制備許多的半成品的石油，到可以直接作為消費品或很容易轉(zhuǎn)化為消費品的商品。這要歸因于新染料的發(fā)現(xiàn)以及硫酸的接觸法生產(chǎn)和氨的哈伯生產(chǎn)工藝的發(fā)展。第一篇：化學工程與工藝專業(yè)英語 the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other ，我們所謂的現(xiàn)代化學工業(yè)的發(fā)展卻是非常近代（才開始的）?？梢哉J為它起源于工業(yè)革命其間，大約在1800年， the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first ，德國花費大量資金用于實用化學方面的重點研究，到1914年，德國的化學工業(yè)在世界化學產(chǎn)品市場上占有75%的份額。而后者需要較大的技術(shù)突破使得化學反應第一次可以在非常高的壓力條件下進行。 chemical industry is concerned with converting raw materials, such as crude oil, firstly into chemical intermediates and then into a tremendous variety of other are then used to produce consumer products, which make our lives more fortable or, in some cases such as pharmaceutical produces, help to maintain our wellbeing or even life ，如石油 首先轉(zhuǎn)化為化學中間體，然后轉(zhuǎn)化為數(shù)量眾多的其它化學產(chǎn)品。 improvement in properties of modern synthetic fibers over the traditional clothing materials has been quite ，現(xiàn)代合成纖維性質(zhì)的改善也是非常顯著的。塑料正在取代像木材一類的傳統(tǒng)建筑材料，因為它們更輕，免維護 classical role of the chemical engineer is to take the discoveries made by the chemist in the laboratory and develop them into moneymaking, mercialscale chemical 。計算機被廣泛應用，從化工廠的自動控制，到新化合物結(jié)構(gòu)的分子模擬，再到實驗室分析儀器的控制。對生產(chǎn)過程的每一個階段可能獲得的利潤進行評定。 on the experience and data obtained in the laboratory and the pilot plant, a team of engineers is assembled to design the mercial chemical engineer’s job is to specify all process flow rates and conditions, equipment types and sizes, materials of construction, process configurations, control systems, safety systems, environmental protection systems, and other relevant ，一組工程師集中起來設(shè)計工業(yè)化的車間。 startup period can require a few days or a few moths, depending on the newness of the technology, the plexity of the process, and quality of the engineering that has gone into the are frequently encountered that require equipment is time consuming and expensive: just the lost production from a plant can amount to thousands of dollars per , there have been some plants that have never operated, because of unexpected problems with control, corrosion, or impurities, or because of economic ，根據(jù)設(shè)計所涉及工藝技術(shù)的新穎、流程的復雜程度以及工程的質(zhì)量而定。這是耗時耗財?shù)碾A段：僅僅每天從車間出來的廢品會高達數(shù)千美金。 engineers study ways to reduce operating costs by saving energy, cutting raw material consumption, and reducing production of offspecification products that require study ways to improve product quality and reduce environmental pollution of both air and ，降低原材料消耗、減少不合要求的需進行處理的產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)，以降低生產(chǎn)成本。 marketing of many chemicals requires a considerable amount of interaction between engineers in the pany producing the chemical and engineers in the pany using the interaction can take the form of advising on how to use a chemical or developing a new chemical in order to solve a specific problem of a 。 number and diversity of chemical pounds is remarkable: over ten million are now this vase number pales into insignificance when pared to the number of carbon pounds which is theoretically ，其差異很大：所知道的化學物質(zhì)的數(shù)量就達上千萬種。 the term “inorganic chemical” covers pounds of all the elements other than carbon, the diversity of origins is not of the more important sources are metallic ores, and salt or all these cases at least two different elements are bine together chemically in the form of a stable “無機化學品”。在這些情況下，至少兩種不同的元素化合以一種穩(wěn)定的化合物在一起。如今，所有有機化合物的99%以上， major route form biomass to chemicals is via fermentation these processes cannot utillize polysaccharides like cellulose and starch, and so the latter must first be s