【正文】 控制矢量u(t)在有限的時間間隔內(nèi)將任意初始狀態(tài)x(t0)轉(zhuǎn)化為任意其它狀態(tài)x(t)，則這臺裝置（或系統(tǒng)）是完全可控的。如果可從有限的時間間隔內(nèi)的輸出c(t)的信息中確定狀態(tài)x(t)，則裝置是完全可觀的。162。BA is equivalent toapproaches aB xi174。y182。b⑥ a‖b⑦⑧ 3=ffintegral between limits b to a a is parallel to the cube root of set aAbXaaA205。d)184。a as i174。for any special e, there is a respected N,such thataiapproachesaas i approaches165。Xis said to be bounded if there existsx,y206。Rsuch thatfor diameter of A is defined to besup{d(x,y)x,y206。X被稱為是有界的，如果存在Mx,y206。R使得對所有x,y206。A的半徑被定義為sup{d(x,y)}。在R上有界的區(qū)間是一個有界集。這個記號保留下來只是為了簡化Kalman 濾波公式的推導(dǎo)。Paragraph C[8 Points]It is monly held among designers of Kalman filters that the implementation of theformulas listed above represents only a portion of the effort required to develop an accurate and robust Kalman filter the dynamics, measurements, and partial derivatives have been coded, the task remained is to tune the noise magnitudes represented in the process noise covariance Q and the measurement noise covariance the measurement noise can be based in realistic hardware performance specifications, the process noise is often used as a tuning parameter to ensure that the filter operates ：在Kalman 濾波器的設(shè)計(jì)者中存在著這樣一個共識：對上文所列出來的公式的實(shí)現(xiàn)只是用于建立一個精確且穩(wěn)健的Kalman濾波器應(yīng)用的一部分努力。其中測量噪聲的調(diào)整可可以立足于實(shí)際系統(tǒng)的硬件性能指標(biāo)，過程噪聲常常被用于調(diào)節(jié)一些參數(shù)，以保證濾波處理過程正確。一般地，X1(t1)的實(shí)際值將與（未知的）x1(t1)的實(shí)際值不同。顯然，損失應(yīng)該是估計(jì)誤差e=x1(t1)X(t1的)（i）正定、(ii)非遞減 函數(shù)。Rwith a207。0.It is a lead pensator when and a lag pensator whenaK(1+ats)1+ts：一個超前/滯后補(bǔ)償器是一個形如RC(s)=，K,a,t206。{0,1}，K,t185。當(dāng)a償器。 models on a separate target puter is an x86 processor Intel174。 standard PC that can use mercial offtheshelf input/output interface connectivity approach described here can be used with any realtime or embedded system that supports serial 、Write an Email to a foreign professor according to following requirements（In about 300 words）Suppose that you are planning to study for a doctor degree in , and you have got the address of a famous professor in your intended studying major in an English speaking have never had any contact with this professor and this is the first time you write to him(her).Now please: Write to this professor。Apply for a studying permission, Convince theprofessor that you have a reliable financial support or it is worthy for him(her)to afford you a part time job to improve your financial situation if it is ：Dear professor:Thank you very much for your spending a few minutes reading this only aim that I write this letter is to apply for an opportunity to study for a doctor’s degree under your am a Chinese name is Dongfang I am studying for my master’s degree in major automation in Northwestern Polytechnical University located in Xi’an, a famous city in the heart section of would graduate in April next am a hardworking student。where N,M are right coprime factors of P,X,Y satisfy NX+MY=1,Q∈RH∞2)According to the right coprime factorization of P, N=,M=,X=,Y=By the performance of the closedloop systemN(0)[X(0)+M(0)Q(0)]=1 N(10j)[Y(10j)N(10j)Q(10j)]=0，So take Q in the form Q(s)=x1+x21/(x+1)178。x1=,x2=,x3=,Q=Finally,the controller is C=步驟:S=1λ/λ代人 P(λ)=λ178。5λ+1X=q2/r2 ,y=1+q1q2/r2 λ=1/s﹢1N(S)=1/(s+1)178。 X(s)=19s11/s+1Y(s)=s+6/s+1C=X+MQ/YNQN(0)[X(0)+M(0)Q(0)]=1 N(10j)[Y(10j)N(10j)Q(10j)]=0Q(0)=6，Q(10j)=94+70j Q(s)=x1+x21/(x+1)178。881s+6)/(s+1)178。被包圍的方向都必須在一個τs的相反方向。τs在splane的右半平面開放。determine its on performance on the type of controller to be a controller to meet the specs, if possible。) voltage across(90176。) threephase(four) three voltages(balanced threephase voltages) voltage produced(an analog) information(a digital) device that(A/D) thermocouple pair(voltage) D/A is(analog form) algebraic bination(two) to the(multiplication, addition) mutative rule(the order) associative rule(the validity) relation A+(identity) process of(analogtodigital conversion)2.(A temperature transducer)is a device precision and(inpatible) precision of(the number of binary bits) the(two) one time,(analog puter) the invention(solidstate) the operational(a very small voltage difference) wide application(negative feedback networks) useful range(80) switching losses(the offstate losses) typical power() power transistors,(high reverse) rate of(power losses) DCDC converter(direct current, direct current) Buck is(current stepup) PWM control(pulse width) gain of(the input dc source, the output voltage) power inverters(threephase type) output of(sinusoidal voltage) constant speed(ac voltage sink load) source inverters(inductive loads) amplitude in(pulsewidth) thumb is(the relative motion of conductor) induction motors(never reaches) coils(large AC) a induction(600) the difference(smaller) electric machine(generating) breakdown torque(maximum) speed of(the frequen