【正文】 of Crayola products, produces nearly 3 billion crayons each year in its Easton, PA, manufacturing facility. 連續(xù)流程 Continuous 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 9 一個(gè)煉油廠的持續(xù)生產(chǎn)過程，把原油分解為石油，化工原油，以及其他產(chǎn)品。 Layout: the configuration of departments, work centers, and equipment, with particular emphasis on movement of work (customers or materials) through the system –產(chǎn)品原則布置 Product layouts –工藝原則布置 Process layouts –成組技術(shù)單元布置 Group technology (cellular) layout –定點(diǎn)布置 FixedPosition layout 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 14 設(shè)施布置的目標(biāo) Objective of Layout Design ? 有助于達(dá)到產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量水平 Facilitate attainment of product or service quality ? 有效利用空間和人力 Use workers and space efficiently ? 避免出現(xiàn)瓶頸 Avoid bottlenecks ? 搬運(yùn)成本最低 Minimize unnecessary material handling costs ? 消除工人或物料的不必要搬運(yùn) Eliminate unnecessary movement of workers or materials ? 縮短生產(chǎn)和顧客服務(wù)時(shí)間 Minimize production time or customer service time ? 實(shí)現(xiàn)安全生產(chǎn) Design for safety 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 15 布置決策的重要性 Importance of Layout Decisions ? 投入大量資金和精力 Requires substantial investments of money and effort ? 具有長期性 Involves longterm mitments ? 對短期運(yùn)營的費(fèi)用和效率有很大影響 Has significant impact on cost and efficiency of shortterm operations 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 16 布置決策的必要性 The Need for Layout Decisions 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 17 無效率運(yùn)營 Inefficient operations 如：高成本、瓶頸 For Example: High Cost Bottlenecks 產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)設(shè)計(jì)上的改變 Changes in the design of products or services 推出新產(chǎn)品或服務(wù) The introduction of new products or services 意外 Accidents 安全危害 Safety hazards 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 18 環(huán)境或其他法律要求的改變 Changes in environmental or other legal requirements 產(chǎn)量或產(chǎn)品組合的改變 Changes in volume of output or mix of products 方法或設(shè)備的改變 Changes in methods and equipment 情緒問題 Morale problems 布置決策的必要性 The Need for Layout Decisions 工藝與布置 Process and Layout 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 19 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 20 提綱 Outline ? 工藝選擇 Process selection: – 工藝類型 Process Type – 產(chǎn)品工藝矩陣 ProductionProcess Matrix ? 設(shè)施布置 Facility layout: – 布置的類型 Layout types – 產(chǎn)品原則布置：生產(chǎn)線平衡 Product layout: Linebalancing problems – 工藝原則布置：各部門間的工作流量 Process layout: Interdepartmental Work Flows – 工藝原則布置：系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì) Process layout: Systematic Layout Planning – 服務(wù)布置 Service Layout 基本布置方式 Basic Layout Types ? 產(chǎn)品原則布置 Product Layout – 使大量產(chǎn)品或顧客順利且迅速通過系統(tǒng) Layout that uses standardized processing operations to achieve smooth, rapid, highvolume flow – 采用生產(chǎn)線工作站方法生產(chǎn)產(chǎn)品 Linear arrangement of workstations to produce a specific product ? 工藝原則布置 Process Layout – 用來加工或提供涉及許多工藝要求的產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。 workers, materials, and equipment are moved as needed – 用于產(chǎn)品無法移動的項(xiàng)目中 Used in projects where the product cannot be moved 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 21 混合布置 Hybrid Layouts ? 單元布置 Group technology (cellular) layouts –成組加工單元機(jī) group machines into machining cells ? 柔性制造系統(tǒng) Flexible manufacturing systems –自動化加工和材料處理系統(tǒng) automated machining material handling systems ? 混合裝配線 Mixedmodel assembly lines –一條生產(chǎn)線上生產(chǎn)多種型號的產(chǎn)品 produce variety of models on one line 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 22 產(chǎn)品原則布置 Product Layout 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 23 原材料或顧客 Raw materials or customer 產(chǎn)成品Finished item 工作 中心 1 工作 中心 1 工作 中心 1 材料 /勞動力Material and/or labor 工作 中心 1 用于高重復(fù)性的生產(chǎn)流程 Used for Repetitive or Continuous Processing 材料 /勞動力Material and/or labor 材料 /勞動力Material and/or labor 材料 /勞動力Material and/or labor 產(chǎn)品原則布置的優(yōu)點(diǎn) Advantages of Product Layout ? 產(chǎn)量高 High rate of output ? 成本低 Low unit cost ? 勞力專門化 Labor specialization ? 物料運(yùn)輸費(fèi)低 Low material handling cost ? 工人和設(shè)備的利用率高 High utilization of labor and equipment ? 工藝路線選擇及進(jìn)程安排都在初步設(shè)計(jì)中確定下來 Established routing and scheduling ? 會計(jì)、采購程序化 Routing accounting and purchasing 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 24 產(chǎn)品原則布置的缺點(diǎn) Disadvantages of Product Layout ? 工作重復(fù)單調(diào) Creates dull, repetitive jobs ? 技術(shù)低的工人可能對維持設(shè)備或產(chǎn)出質(zhì)量缺乏興趣 Poorly skilled workers may not maintain equipment or quality of output ? 對產(chǎn)量變化以及產(chǎn)品或工藝設(shè)計(jì)變化的適應(yīng)性差 Fairly inflexible to changes in volume ? 設(shè)備故障對生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的影響很大 Highly susceptible to shutdowns ? 需要預(yù)防性維修能力 Needs preventive maintenance ? 與個(gè)人產(chǎn)量相聯(lián)系的激勵計(jì)劃是不可行的 Individual incentive plans are impractical 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 25 U型生產(chǎn)線 A UShaped Production Line 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 26 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 開始 In 結(jié)束 Out 工人 Workers 工藝原則布置 Process Layout 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 27 Dept. A Dept. B Dept. D Dept. C Dept. F Dept. E 用于間斷加工單件小批和成批過程 Used for Intermittent processing Job Shop or Batch Processes 按功能 制造過程布置 Manufacturing Process Layout 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 28 L L L L L L L L L L M M M M D D D D D D D D G G G G G G P P A A A Receiving and Shipping Assembly Painting Department Lathe Department Milling Department Drilling Department Grinding Department 服務(wù)過程布置 Service Process Layout 女士內(nèi)衣Women’s Lingerie 鞋子 Shoes 居家衣服House wares 女裙 Women’s Dresses 化妝品及珠寶Cosmetics Jewelry 孩子區(qū)Children’s Department 女運(yùn)動裝Women’s Sportswear 季節(jié)性 Entry Seasonal 男士區(qū) Men’s Department 2023/2/10 Dr. Weihua Zhou Zhejiang University 29 工藝原則的優(yōu)點(diǎn) Advantages of Process Layouts ? 滿足多樣的工藝要求 Can handle a variety of processing requirements ? 系統(tǒng)受個(gè)別設(shè)備出故障的影響不大 Not