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Left: Anteroposterior radiograph emonstrating the expanded lytic lesion ccupying the sacrum. Upper Right and Center Left: Axial CT scans obtained several months later, demonstrating the rather featureless lytic lesion occupying the entire sacrum, with attempted thin cortical rim unable to contain the expansive lesion. Center Right: Sagittal T1weighted MR image (TR/TE 450/10 msec) demonstrating intensity presacral softtissue extension Lower Left and Right: Sagittal T2WI and axial FSE T2WI revealing the inhomogeneous mixed high and low signal intensity mass, typical of GCT. 26, yr, F GCT of the sacrum . 骨巨細(xì)胞瘤 GCT of C7 posterior elements 16 y male 骨巨細(xì)胞瘤 T I 骨巨細(xì)胞瘤 骨樣骨瘤 Osteoid Osteoma 骨樣骨瘤 臨床病理 ? 由成骨性纖維組織及骨樣組織、編織骨構(gòu)成,腫瘤本身為 瘤巢直徑約 , 很少超過 2厘米 ,周圍由增生致密的反應(yīng)性骨質(zhì)包繞 ? 10%發(fā)生于脊柱,多腰椎,最常起于椎弓,其次椎板,小關(guān)節(jié)面和椎弓根 ? 單發(fā)性,腫瘤發(fā)展極慢 ? 多為青少年和成年人,多男性,多小于 30歲 ? 患骨疼痛,夜間加重,服用水楊酸類藥物可緩解為其特點??梢娋植砍鲅盘? ? 增強(qiáng)后明顯強(qiáng)化 ? 核素掃描 ? 顯示腫瘤呈彌漫性的濃聚 骨巨細(xì)胞瘤 影像表現(xiàn) Fig A and Fig B a large expansile lesion of the T4 vertebral body (arrows), with extension into the posterior elements of T3 and T4 and the posterior soft tissues (arrowheads). The lesion enhances markedly with the contrast agent. FigC the lesion has only intermediate signal intensity, 28,yr,F GCT of T3 and T4 +c A C B T4 骨巨細(xì)胞瘤 Intraoperative photograph obtained after incision of the skin shows a bulging, solid paraspinal mass (*) FigD 骨巨細(xì)胞瘤 sacral GCT. AP LateraL Fig A Fig b Axial CT Sag.T2WI softtissue extension. Cor.T2WI Fig C Fig D Fig E Fig F 骨巨細(xì)胞瘤 GCT of S45 21 yr ,F AP LateraL A B 骨巨細(xì)胞瘤 FigC:CTshowing large mass of S FigD: demonstrating an inhomogeneous mass that contains several areas of low signal intensity (arrows。脊柱腫瘤的影像學(xué)診斷 上海中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)龍華醫(yī)院放射科 王 嵩 脊柱腫瘤的影像學(xué)診斷 ? 脊柱大體解剖 ? 脊柱檢查技術(shù) ? 脊柱影像解剖 ? 脊柱良性腫瘤和腫瘤樣病變 ? 脊柱惡性腫瘤 脊 柱 大體解剖 ? 頸段: 7個頸椎 ? 胸段: 12個胸椎 ? 腰段: 5個腰椎 ? 骶段: 5個骶椎 ? 尾段: 4個尾骨 ? 椎間盤、椎間關(guān)節(jié)、椎旁韌帶等 胸段 ? 椎骨 :椎體、椎弓和 7個骨性突起組成 ? 椎弓 :椎板、椎弓根,相鄰椎弓根間構(gòu)成椎間孔 ? 椎管 :各椎骨的椎孔共同連成 ? 頸椎 ? 環(huán)椎 :前后弓及兩側(cè)塊 ? 樞椎 :齒狀突、椎體及棘突 ? 第 3至第 7椎體:逐漸增大,椎孔三角形,椎間關(guān)節(jié)面近呈水平位,鉤椎關(guān)節(jié)( Luscka 關(guān)節(jié)) ? 胸椎:逐漸增大,椎孔心形,關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)面呈冠狀位 ? 腰椎:椎體逐漸增大,椎孔呈三角形,關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)面呈矢狀位 ? 骶骨:骶骨倒立扁三角形, 5個骶椎融合而成 ? 尾骨 : 4個尾椎融合而成 骨性椎管的特點 骨間連接 ? 椎體間連接 ? 前縱韌帶、后縱韌帶、椎間盤 ? 椎板及附件間連接 ? 黃韌帶、棘間韌帶、棘上韌帶、項韌帶橫突間韌帶、關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)環(huán)樞關(guān)節(jié)、環(huán)椎橫韌帶 posterior Anterior R lateral L lateral C12 C37 T L S Co 檢 查 技 術(shù) Examination Methods 檢查技術(shù) ? 常規(guī) X線 :最主要和首選的檢查方法 ? CT:解決臨床和 X線診斷疑難的第二步檢查方法 ? MRI :示 X線甚至 CT不能顯示和顯示不佳的某些組織結(jié)構(gòu) ? 核素掃描 :一種全身骨骼檢查,但缺乏特異性 影 像 解 剖 Radiologic Anatomy 常 規(guī) X 線 C T L AP Lateral L oblique CT解剖 T 重建 L CT解剖 MRI解剖 C 脊柱良性腫瘤和腫瘤樣病變 Benign Spinal Tumor and Tumorlike Lesion 脊柱良性腫瘤和腫瘤樣病變 ? 骨血管瘤 ? 骨軟骨瘤 ? 骨巨細(xì)胞瘤 ? 骨樣骨瘤 ? 骨母細(xì)胞瘤 ? 動脈瘤樣骨囊腫 ? 骨嗜酸性肉芽腫 ? 內(nèi)生骨疣 ? 其它:軟骨黏液樣纖維瘤、纖維骨瘤、血管外皮細(xì)胞瘤和血管內(nèi)皮細(xì)胞瘤等 骨血管瘤 Hemangioma ? 最常見的脊柱原發(fā)良性腫瘤 ? 低血壓慢血流血管組成,摻雜于骨小梁和脂肪間,易出血 ? 病理上分毛細(xì)血管型和海綿狀血管型 ? 多胸椎椎體 ,多單椎體病變 ? 任何年齡均可發(fā)生,一般無癥狀,多女性 ? 對放射線有相當(dāng)?shù)拿舾行? 骨血管瘤 臨床病理 骨血管瘤 影像表現(xiàn) ? X線 ? 一為受累骨體積擴(kuò)張,骨小梁廣泛的吸收、增生和增厚,椎體呈柵欄狀特征性表現(xiàn) ? 一為受累骨質(zhì)有肥皂泡沫樣的破壞和擴(kuò)張 骨血管瘤 影像表現(xiàn) CT ? 椎體部分或全部松質(zhì)骨密度減低 ? 病變區(qū)骨小梁減少,變粗致密 ? 冠狀面或矢狀面重建顯示柵欄狀表現(xiàn) ? 增強(qiáng)掃描,病變常不強(qiáng)化或輕度強(qiáng)化 MRI ? T1WI和 T2WI上均呈高信號 ? 增強(qiáng)掃描,中度至明顯強(qiáng)化 Plain film CT T 骨血管瘤 T 骨血管瘤 Fig. A thickened trabeculae (corduroy sign) of a vertebral body hemangioma can be seen on this lateral view, which is coned down to the L2 vertebral body Fig. B T1WI and Fig. C T2WI show the typical increased signal intensity of a vertebral body A B C 骨血管瘤 骨軟骨瘤 Osteochondroma 臨床病理 ? 由骨質(zhì)組成的基底和瘤體、透明軟骨組成的帽蓋和纖維組成的包膜三種不同組織構(gòu)成 ,又稱外生骨疣 ? 發(fā)生于脊椎少見,發(fā)生于脊柱單發(fā) ~ %,多發(fā)者 9% ? 約 50%于頸椎,其次胸椎及腰椎 。常見于附件 ? 兒童期生長緩慢,青春期迅速 ? 近 1%病人的骨軟骨瘤發(fā)生惡變 ? 多兒童和青年男性,一般無癥狀 ? 治療應(yīng)徹底手術(shù)切除 骨軟骨瘤 骨軟骨瘤 影像表現(xiàn) ? X線 ? 僅 21%的起于棘突的較大病變被明確診斷 ? 小病變和突入椎管內(nèi)的腫瘤很難診斷 ? 15%顯示正常 骨軟骨瘤 影像表現(xiàn) ? CT ? 附件骨性腫塊,皮質(zhì)與椎板皮質(zhì)相連 ? 可伴脊髓受壓 ? MRI ? 病灶中心 T1WI呈高信號, T2WI呈中等信號 ? 邊緣皮質(zhì)均呈低信號 ? 軟骨帽常既薄又小, T1WI呈低至中等信號, T2WI呈高信號 ? 成人如軟骨帽明顯增厚(大于 12cm)則應(yīng)懷疑惡變 38, yr, M of C Hereditary multiple exostosis with several spinal osteochondromas FigA: Lateral radiograph of the cervical spine shows a C4 spinous process osteochondroma with pathognomonic marrow and cortical continuity solid arrow). Osteochondroma at C1 is seen as an ossified region (open rrow) Axial FigB and sagittal FigC reconstructed CT scans reveal cortex and marrow of the osteochondroma (arrows), impingement on the spinal canal, extrinsic erosion of C2 (arrowheads in b), and continuity with the C1 spinous process (* in c). A B C 骨軟骨瘤 Sagittal T1weighted FigDand T2* gradientecho FigEMR images reveal the signal intensity characteristic of yellow marrow within the osteochondroma and the impression of the tumor on the spinal canal (arrows), although the marrow and cortical continuity is not well seen. 骨軟骨瘤 D E FigF: Photograph of the gross specimen shows the marrow and cortex of the osteochondroma and a small cartilage cap at its periphery (arrowheads). 35yr, F Osteochondroma of sacrum malignant transformation FigA Vague sclerosis (solid arrows) over the left sacrum and widening of the sacroiliac joint (open arrow). FigA FigCAxial CT scan shows the thick cartilage cap (arrows) and sacroiliac joint invasion, which represents malignant transformation. FigB Coronal reconstructed CT scan shows the cortex and marrow canal of the osteochondroma (arrows) and continuity with the sacrum (arrowheads). Fig B FigC multiple hereditary exost