【正文】 已經(jīng)超出審閱的能力要在有限的時間審查所有在美國，亞洲和歐洲的有關(guān)的文獻。該報告提供把注意力集中在重要方面的問題，可以作為指導(dǎo)文獻，也可以作為對未來的研究的一塊墊腳石。因此，公布這個調(diào)查報告中的結(jié)構(gòu)控制的研究和應(yīng)用是可行的，指明對未來研究的現(xiàn)在方向。雖然其根源主要是航空航天問題跟蹤和指向，靈活的空間結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)迅速轉(zhuǎn)移到民用工程。由于姚在1972年最初的概念研究，這個領(lǐng)域不斷走向成熟，最終1994年8月份在洛杉磯舉行了第一屆世界結(jié)構(gòu)振動控制會議。作為一個管理機構(gòu)和未來的會議和研討會所的贊助者，國際結(jié)構(gòu)控制協(xié)會（IASC）于1994年成立，1995年ASCE成為自動控制委員會（AACC）的一員。在日本，結(jié)構(gòu)控制獲得一系列發(fā)展并且目前超過20個完整的大型建筑應(yīng)用了主動控制系統(tǒng)，主要是為了在強風(fēng)期間提高乘員舒適度，有關(guān)工作也有在歐洲和俄羅斯展開。類似一般控制文獻，治理結(jié)構(gòu)的文獻往往代表不同的利益和觀點，但都有一個共同的目標(biāo)：保護它們的城市和人民。此外，應(yīng)抗震設(shè)計規(guī)范要求的改變，因為一個破壞性地震，或許應(yīng)該歸功于最近洛杉磯市中心附近下面發(fā)現(xiàn)的一個活躍故障證明了分析和結(jié)構(gòu)抗震性能的升級是必要的。在1989年的Loma Prieta地震中，在舊金山的一幢高47層的建筑物經(jīng)歷了在地下室lO％g和頂層45％g的峰值加速度。類似的這種結(jié)構(gòu)變動的事例同樣發(fā)生在最近的北嶺和神戶地震。因此增加機構(gòu)的備用抵抗力的同時保持裝置理想的動態(tài)特性，基于使用各種主動，半主動，被動和混合控制方案，提供了保障。米爾恩，在日本的一位教授級高級工程師，他建立了一個小木屋里并將其放置在球軸承來證明結(jié)構(gòu)可以避免地震晃動的影響。許多這方面的發(fā)展的起源于用于汽車和飛機的內(nèi)燃機，本身達到非常高的動力水平。工程結(jié)構(gòu)領(lǐng)域第一次接受了這一技術(shù)是在20世紀(jì)60年代，從那時起，已經(jīng)采取了若干不同的方案，一個例子是低層的基礎(chǔ)隔震和中高層結(jié)構(gòu)和橋梁。但是，在地震譜上在2s周期附近明顯的能量反應(yīng)證明這是不理想的。另外，在最近的地震速度大脈沖已被記錄在該近斷層區(qū)域，這也可能使普通基礎(chǔ)隔震不切實際的。隔離器，其作用是過濾掉地面運動中的更高的頻率。這項技術(shù)已欣然接受并應(yīng)用在美國的幾十個新的或正在改裝的隔震結(jié)構(gòu)中。減震裝置，無論是粘性的，粘彈性、或塑料的，整個結(jié)構(gòu)被部署在結(jié)構(gòu)中提供了一個顯著的增加能量耗散和減少震動的作用。 另一種被動的方法是被應(yīng)用到更高的建筑上以減少風(fēng)引起的振動的是調(diào)諧質(zhì)量阻尼器（TMD）。輔助系統(tǒng)被調(diào)諧，以減少建筑運動的振幅。然而，設(shè)計者已經(jīng)掌握了幾個參數(shù)，包括質(zhì)量比和吸收器的阻尼比，應(yīng)該與裝置的頻率和衰減能力是有關(guān)的。正如在前言中提到的第一屆結(jié)構(gòu)控制世界大會上指出的，結(jié)構(gòu)控制具有鮮明的特點并且給這個領(lǐng)域的研究指明了方向。首先，土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)錨固的，因此是處于靜態(tài)穩(wěn)定的。此外， 眾所周知，土木結(jié)構(gòu)所受到環(huán)境的干擾，例如風(fēng)和地震，是非常不確定的，取決于它們的大小和到達的時間這個特點，而機械載荷的要求是有據(jù)可查的。它們的性能要求通常只有比較細微的不同。并且，此外，可能的組合方法和更復(fù)雜的方法，在長時間的使用過程中已經(jīng)得到了充分的保障。在目前的發(fā)展階段這種方法比較理想的總結(jié)了這個技術(shù)領(lǐng)域的狀態(tài)，并指出了未來研究發(fā)展方向。 STRUCTURAL CONTROL: PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTUREBy G. W. Housner: Member, ASCE, L. A. Bergman,z Member, ASCE, T. K. Caughey,3A. G. Chassiakos,4 Member, ASCE, R. O. Claus,s S. F. Masri,6 Member, ASCE,R. E. Skelton,39。 and (2) provides a link between structural control and other fields of control theory, pointing out bothdifferences and similarities, and points out where future research and application efforts are likely to provefruitful. The paper consists of the following sections: section 1 is an introduction。 section 3 deals with active control。 section 5 discusses sensors for structural control。 section7 deals with health monitoring and damage detection。Prof. Emeritus, Div. of Engrg. and App!. Sci., California Inst. of Technol.,Pasadena, CA 91125.39。Prof., Div. of Engrg. and App!. Sci., California Inst. of Techno!., Pasadena,CA.4Prof., Coli. of Engrg., California State Univ., Long Beach, CA 90840.39。 State Univ., Blacksburg, VA 24061.Prof., Dept. of Civ. and Envir. Engrg., School of Engrg., Univ. ofSouthern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089.?Prof., Dept. of App!. Mech. and Engrg. Sci., Univ. of California, SanDiego, San Diego, CA 92037.Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., School of Engrg. and App!. Sci., StateUniv. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14222.Prof., Dept. of Civ. and Geological Sci., Coli. of Engrg., Notre DameUniv., Notre Dame, IN 46556.39。39。M Univ., College Station, TX77843.Note. Associate Editor: Sami Masri. Discussion open until FebruaryI, 1998. To extend the closing date one month, a written request mustbe filed with the ASCE Manager of Journals. The manuscript for thispaper was submitted for review and possible publication on May 29,1997. This paper is part of the Journal of Engineering Mechanics, Vol.123, , September, 1997. 169。 relevant work has alsobeen carried out in Europe and Russia. In the United Statesand elsewhere, passive base isolation systems in low and mediumrise buildings for seismic protection have bee an accepteddesign strategy. Similar to the general controls literature,the structural control literature tends to represent diverseinterests and viewpoints, though all share a mon goal: theprotection of cities and the people in them.Recent destructive seismic events in Northridge, Californiain 1994 and Kobe, Japan in 1995 demonstrated the importanceof mitigating these hazards in the design of new structures.Also, should seismic code requirements change because of adestructive earthquake, or due to discovery of a nearby activefault as recently identified beneath downtown Los Angeles,reanalysis and upgrading of seismic resistance of structureswill be required.Design for strength alone does not necessarily ensure thatthe building will respond dynamically in such a way that thefort and safety of the occupants is maintained. For exJOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS / SEPTEMBER 1997/897J. Eng. Mech. :897971. Downloaded from by Henan University of Technology on 03/05/13. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only。 one example is base isolation for lowriseand mediumrise structures and bridges. The objective is tomount the structure on a sufficiently flexible base that filtersout the high frequencies of the ground motion and lengthensthe natural period of vibration to approximately 2 s. However,this would be unsatisfactory if the earthquake spectrum had asignificant amount of energy in the neighborhood of a 2s period.The alternative would be to soften the base isolation untilthe natural period was 3 or 4 s, but this would lead to largeamplitude motions that would be objectionable. Also, in recentearthquakes a large velocity pulse has been recorded in thenearfault region and this may also make ordinary base isolationimpractical. Certain structures because of their shape,for example slender highrise buildings, may not be suitablefor base isolation. Isolators, whose purpose is to filter out thehigher frequencies in the ground motion, have been used toprotect the fragile contents of hospitals, puter facilities,and so on. This technology had been readily accepted andseveral dozen baseisolated structures, new or retrofitted, arecurrently in use or under construction in the United States.For flexible structures such as tall buildings, particularlythose susceptible to strong winds, auxiliary dampers have beensuccessfully employed. The damping devices, either viscous,viscoelastic, or plastic are deployed throughout the structure,providing a significant increase in energy dissipation and reduc