【正文】 t of specific items○Receivables: confirmation○Inventory: counting, cutoff, confirmation of inventory held by third parties○Payables: supplier statement reconciliation, confirmation○B(yǎng)ank and cash: bank confirmation◇Auditing sampling5. Review◇Subsequent events◇Going concern◇Management representations◇Audit finalization and the final review: unadjusted differences6. Reporting審計(jì)◇重要性，真實(shí)、公允反映，合理保證◇注冊(cè)會(huì)計(jì)師的聘用，解聘和辭職◇審計(jì)意見(jiàn)類型：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)無(wú)保留意見(jiàn)，帶解釋段的無(wú)保留意見(jiàn)，保留意見(jiàn)，否定意見(jiàn)，無(wú)法表示意見(jiàn)◇職業(yè)道德：獨(dú)立、客觀和公正，專業(yè)勝任能力，應(yīng)有的關(guān)注，保密性，職業(yè)行為◇審計(jì)業(yè)務(wù)約定書(shū)◇一般原則○計(jì)劃和執(zhí)行審計(jì)業(yè)務(wù)應(yīng)保持應(yīng)有的職業(yè)懷疑態(tài)度○審計(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)=固有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制風(fēng)險(xiǎn)檢查風(fēng)險(xiǎn)○風(fēng)險(xiǎn)導(dǎo)向型審計(jì)◇了解被審單位◇估計(jì)重大錯(cuò)報(bào)或舞弊的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)○重要性水平，可容忍誤差◇分析性復(fù)核程序◇制定審計(jì)計(jì)劃◇審計(jì)記錄：工作底稿◇利用其他人的工作○利用專家工作○利用內(nèi)部審計(jì)人員的工作◇內(nèi)部控制系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)○控制測(cè)試○實(shí)質(zhì)性程序（時(shí)間，性質(zhì)，范圍）◇交易循環(huán)：收入循環(huán)、采購(gòu)循環(huán)、存貨循環(huán)，等等。 三、會(huì)計(jì)英語(yǔ)講解會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表中英文對(duì)照Accounting1. Financial reporting（財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告） includes not only financial statements but also other means of municating information that relates, directly or indirectly, to the information provided by a business enterprise’s accounting systemthat is, information about an enterprise’s resources, obligations, earnings, etc.2. Objectives of financial reporting: 財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的目標(biāo)Financial reporting should:(1) Provide information that helps in making investment and credit decisions.(2) Provide information that enables assessing future cash flows.(3) Provide information that enables users to learn about economic resources, claims against those resources, and changes in them.3. Basic accounting assumptions 基本會(huì)計(jì)假設(shè)(1) Economic entity assumption 會(huì)計(jì)主體假設(shè)This assumption simply says that the business and the owner of the business are two separate legal and economic entities. Each entity should account and report its own financial activities.(2) Going concern assumption 持續(xù)經(jīng)營(yíng)假設(shè)This assumption states that the enterprise will continue in operation long enough to carry out its existing objectives.This assumption enables accountants to make estimates about asset lives and how transactions might be amortized over time.This assumption enables an accountant to use accrual accounting which records accrual and deferral entries as of each balance sheet date.(3) Time period assumption 會(huì)計(jì)分期假設(shè)This assumption assumes that the economic life of a business can be divided into artificial time periods.The most typical time segment = Calendar YearNext most typical time segment = Fiscal Year(4) Monetary unit assumption 貨幣計(jì)量假設(shè)This assumption states that only transaction data that can be expressed in terms of money be included in the accounting records, and the unit of measure remains relatively constant over time in terms of purchasing power.In essence, this assumption disregards the effects of inflation or deflation in the economy in which the entity operates.This assumption provides support for the Historical Cost principle.4. Accrualbasis accounting 權(quán)責(zé)發(fā)生制會(huì)計(jì)5. Qualitative characteristics 會(huì)計(jì)信息質(zhì)量特征(1) Reliability 可靠性For accounting information to be reliable, it must be dependable and trustworthy.Accounting information is reliable to the extend that it is:Verifiable: means that information has been objectively determined, arrived at, or created. More than one person could consider the facts of a situation and reach a similar conclusion.Representationally faithful: that something is what it is represented to be. For example, if a machine is listed as a fixed asset on the balance sheet, then the pany can prove that the machine exists, is owned by the pany, is in working condition, and is currently being used to support the revenue generating activities of the pany.Neutral: means that information is presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and practices, and without bias.(2) Relevance 相關(guān)性Relevant information is capable of making a difference in the decisions of users by helping them to evaluate the potential effects of past, present, or future transactions or other events on future cash flows (predictive value) or to confirm or correct their previous evaluations (confirmatory value).(3) Understandability 可理解性Understandability is the quality of information that enables users who have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities and financial reporting, and who study the information with reasonable diligence, to prehend its meaning.(4) Comparability 可比性Comparability: suggests that accounting information that has been measured and reported in a similar manner by different enterprises should be capable of being pared because each of the enterprises is applying the same generally accepted accounting principles and practices.Consistency: suggests that an entity has used the same accounting principle or practice from one period to another, therefore, if the dollar amount reported for a category is different from one period to the next, then chances