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Octet 4 Octet 57 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0 7 0Multicast Address 0x0100:5e00:0001n 組播 IP地址和組播 MAC地址的映射關系q 在以太網中,目的地址為組播地址的 IP組播報文所使用的目的 MAC地址都是以前綴 MAC地址此 5位不作映射,因此會有 32個 IP地址映射到一個 MAC地址向下映射 111032位 IP地址010111100000000000000001 048位 MAC地址n 組播 MAC地址--就 23位?“思科專家 ”稱號是思科公司對出色的工程設計能力的人所給予的最高榮譽。 Steve Deering:Deering是聯網和互聯網協(xié)議領域一位全球知名的權威專家。他是 IETF很多工作組的主席或聯合主席,也是端到端研究團的積極成員,同時他還是互聯網架構委員會的成員。話說 20世紀 90年代初期, IP組播之父 Steve Deering希望分配 16個連續(xù)的 OUI作為 IP組播 MAC地址使用。當時一個 OUI的價格是 1,000美元,當時的 IETF主席 Jon Postel(此人乃 Inter先驅,著名的 TCP/IP、 SMTP、 DNS均出自他筆下)不愿意花一萬六千美金買 28位 MAC地址,而是花一千美金買一個 OUI,并拿出一半地址( 23位)給 Steve Deering進行 IP組播研究。A Brief History of IP MulticastAt Stanford University in the early 1980s, a doctoral graduate student, Steve Deering, was working on a distributed operating system project for his advisor, David Cheriton. This distributed operating system was called Vsystem and was posed of several puters tied together into a loosely coupled multiprocessing system via a single Ether segment. The puters on this Ether segment worked together and municated at the operating system level via special messages sent on the mon Ether segment. One of the operating system primitives permitted one puter to send a message to a group of the other puters on the local Ether segment using a MAC layer multicast.As the project progressed, the need arose to add more puters to the multiprocessing system. Unfortunately, the only available puters were on the other side of the campus with production routers between the two works. Consequently, the graduate students had to extend the operating system39。s doctoral thesis, Multicast Routing in a Datagram Network, published in December 1991.Dr. Deering39。s Inter Group Membership Protocol (IGMP) that IP multicast hosts use to signal to the router on the work that they desire to join a multicast group. In addition, Dr. Deering39。單播轉發(fā)項形式為 (目的網段 ,出接口 ,下一跳 ):n (,Ether0,)q 隨著通信參與者的增加,網絡帶寬消耗隨之增加123123n 組播通信模型q 點到多點123123n 組播通信模型q 組播四要素:– 源發(fā)現– 接收者發(fā)現– 拓撲發(fā)現(組播路由器之間的拓撲、網絡單播路由信息)– 分發(fā)樹生成PIMSM/DM/SSM DVMRP MSDPIGMPDVMRP 單播: OSPF RIP BGP StaticRoutePIMSM/DM/SSM DVMRPn 組播通信模型q 以源和目的為轉發(fā)依據- (S, G),樹狀的轉發(fā),網絡負載不隨用戶規(guī)模增加而增加(樹從根部開始一直到葉子都是一樣粗)。 組播基本概念216。 組播應用n 組播基礎協(xié)議q 用戶發(fā)現協(xié)議– IGMP( V V V3),用于了解接口所連接的網絡 是否 有主機加入某組播組q 組播路由