【正文】 : define/denote/label/ name 標記、命名 ? Access to): approach 途徑 ? Pottery: pots/dishes or other items made from clay and fired in a kiln (oven) 陶器 ? Alter: change 改變 ? Utilization: application /use 應用、 用途 ? Empower: control 駕馭、控制 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Words and phrases ? Characteristic: peculiarity, feature/trait/attribute/property特質(zhì) ? Evolve: produce 生產(chǎn) ? Complex: sophisticated 復雜的 ? Contemporary： Someone who lived or was in a particular place at the same time as someone else. Modern/belonging to the present time 同時代的 ? Nebulous: vague. An idea that is nebulous is not at all clear or exact. 模棱兩可的 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering ? Related to: be concerned with 相關的 ? Enpass： to pletely cover or surround 環(huán)繞 ? Realm： territroy/monarchy/ zone/domain/region /kingdom/area/branch 區(qū)域 ? Agglomerate： melt 團聚、成塊 volcanic rock consisting of large fragments fused together Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Vocabulary Contemporary 當代 Stimulus 激勵，刺激 Opaque 不透明 Translucent 半透明 Transparent 透明 Deepseated 根深蒂固的，深層的 Existence 存在 , 實在 , 生活 , 存在物 , 實在物 Sophisticated 復雜的 Forerunner 先驅(qū) (者 ), 傳令官 , 預兆 Intimately 密切地 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering ? Elaboration 解釋，闡述 ? Stepwise樓梯式的 , 逐步的 ? Recreation 消遣 , 娛樂 ? segment段 , 節(jié) , 片斷 ? Deteriorative 惡化，變質(zhì)， Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering ? Evoke 引起，喚起 ? Interdisciplinary 交叉學科 ? Metallurgy 冶金 ? Nebulous 模糊的，云霧狀的 ? Agglomerate 團聚，大塊 ? Dielectric current 介電常數(shù) ? Thermal conductivity 熱傳導 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering ? Heat capacity 熱容 ? Refraction 折射，衍射 ? Ductility 延展性 ? Overriding 最重要的 ? Prohibitive 抑制 ? Judicious 明智的 ? criterion 準則 Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Historical perspective (觀察，透視 ) ? Materials are probably more deepseated (根深蒂固的 , 深層的 ) in our culture than most of us realize. ? Transportation, housing, clothing, munication, recreation（娛樂） , and food production—virtually（事實上） every segment （ 方面） of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another（不同程度地） by materials. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering ? Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately（密切地） tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate （使用） materials to fill their needs. ? In fact, early civilizations have been designated（命名） by the level of their materials development (., Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age). Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering Stone age iron age Steel age Advanced materials age bronze age Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering ? The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay（粘土） , skins, and so on. ? With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones。 these new materials included pottery （陶器） and various metals. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering ? Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered （改變） by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. ? At this point, materials utilization（利用） was totally a selection process, that is, deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one that was best suited for an application by virtue of （憑借） its characteristics（特性） . Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering It was not until relatively recent times that scientist came to understand the relationship between structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired in the past 60 years or so, has empowered （使能夠） them to fashion(shape ), to a large degree（非常） , the characteristics of materials. Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering ? Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved （出現(xiàn)） with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and plex society. ? Th