【正文】 llux [5hAlEks] n. (鳥)后趾, (人)大拇趾 o adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 適合的 o perch [pE:tF] n. 棲木：供鳥棲息的枝條 o manipulate [mE5nipjuleit] v. 處理 079Instead of heavy jaws with teeth, modern birds have toothless, lightweight jaws, called beaks or bills. The eyes of birds are protected by three eyelids: an upper lid resembling that of humans, a lower lid that closes when a bird sleeps, and a third lid, called a nictitating membrane, that sweeps across the eye sideways, starting from the side near the beak. This lid is a thin, translucent fold of skin that moistens and cleans the eye and protects it from wind and bright light. o jaw [dVC:] n. 顎 o beak [bi:k] n. 喙 o bill [bil] n. 啄 o eyelid [5ailid] n. 眼瞼 o nictitating membrane [5niktiteitiN] [5membrein] n. 瞬膜：鳥類、爬行動物和一些哺乳動物的內(nèi)生透明眼瞼，閉上可保護和滋潤眼睛 o translucent [trAnz5lu:snt] adj. 半透明的 o moisten [5mCisn] v. 使潮濕 080For breeding, most birds build nests, which help them to incubate, or warm, the developing eggs. Nests sometimes offer camouflage from predators and physical protection from the elements. Nests may be elaborate constructions or a mere scrape on the ground.o breed [bri:d] v. 繁殖；育種 o nest [nest] n. 巢 o incubate [5inkjubeit] v. 孵化 o camouflage [5kAmEflB:V] n. 偽裝 o element [5elEmEnt] n. 環(huán)境 o elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 精心制作的 o scrape [skreip] n. 淺坑081Among the bestknown birds are the birds of prey. Some, including hawks, eagles, and falcons, are active during the daytime. Others, notably owls, are nocturnal, or active at night. Birds of prey have hooked beaks, strong talons or claws on their feet, and keen eyesight and hearing. Scavengers that feed on dead animals are also considered birds of prey.o bird of prey [bE:d] [Ev] [prei]n. 猛禽，食肉鳥 o hawk [hC:k] n. 鷹 o falcon [5fAlkEn] n. 隼 o owl [aul] n. 貓頭鷹 o nocturnal [nCk5tE:nl] adj. 夜間的 o beak [bi:k] n. 喙 o talon [5tAlEn] n. 爪 o scavenger [5skAvindVE] n. 食腐動物 082Migrating birds use a variety of cues to find their way. These include the positions of the sun during the day and the stars at night。 winter injury。 root drowning, or suffocation。071Ant colonies have elaborate social structures in which the various activities necessary for the feeding, shelter, and reproduction of the colony are divided among specially adapted individuals. Ants belong to an order of insects called the Hymenoptera, a group that also includes bees, wasps, and sawflies. Some species of wasps and bees resemble ants in that they live in colonies and are therefore said to be social, but ants are the only hymenopterans in which every species is social. Ants are distinguished from other hymenopterans in that they have bent, or elbowed, antennae and an indented abdomen that forms a narrow waist.o elaborate [i5lAbErEt] adj. 復(fù)雜的 o shelter [5FeltE] n. 遮蔽處 o adapted [E5dAptid] adj. 適合的 o h ymenoptera [7haimi5nCptErE] n. 膜翅目 o sawfly [5sR:flai] n. 葉蜂 o resemble [ri5zembl] v. 類似 o in that [in] [TAt]conj. 因為 o distinguish [dis5tiN^wiF] v. 區(qū)別 o bent [bent] adj. 彎曲的 o elbowed [5elbEud] adj. 像肘一樣彎曲的 o antenna [An5tenE] n. 觸須 o indented [in5dentid] adj. 鋸齒狀的 o abdomen [5AbdEmEn] n. 腹部 o waist [weist] n. 昆蟲腹部的較窄部位072Members of an ant colony typically fall into categories known as castes, each with a different role. The majority of colony members are female worker ants that are unable to mate. Worker ants do not have wings and perform most of the work of the colony, including searching for food, nursing young, and defending the colony against ants from other colonies. Queens are larger than worker ants and are the only females of the colony capable of mating. Queens are born with wings, which they break off after mating. They mate with winged male ants, later using the sperm from the mating to produce fertilized eggs, which hatch to produce more worker ants and a new generation of queens.o caste [kB:st] n. 有社會組織的昆蟲的階級 o mate [meit] v. 交配，繁殖 o perform [pE5fC:m] v. 執(zhí)行 o nurse [nE:s] v. 看護 o capable of [5keipEbl] [Ev]adj. 有能力 o sperm [spE:m] n. 精子 o fertilized egg [5fE:tElaizd] n. 受精卵 o hatch [hAtF] v. 孵化 073Insects and diseases are a continuing menace to forests. Various insects, such as the gypsy moth, the tussock moth, and the spruce budworm, devastate extensive areas by defoliation. Other insects serve as carriers for the causative agents of diseases that destroy trees. Parasitic tree diseases may be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, or by such parasitic plants as the mistletoe or dodder. Noninfectious diseases of trees include sunscald。 drought injury。 nutritional excesses or deficiencies。 and injury from smoke, gases, and fumes.o menace [5menEs] n. 威脅 o gypsy moth [5dVipsi] [mCW]n. 舞毒蛾 o tussock moth [5tQsEk] [mCW]n. 毒蛾 o spruce budworm [spru:s] [5bQdwE:m]n. 云杉蚜蟲 o devastate [5devEsteit] v. 糟蹋 o defoliation [7di:fEuli5eiFEn] n. 落葉 o causative agent [5kC:zEtiv] [5eidVEnt]n. 病原體 o bacteria [bAk5tiEriE] n. 細菌 o fungi [5fQndVai] n. 真菌 o virus [5vaiErEs] n. 病毒 o nematode [5nemEtEud] n. 線蟲 o mistletoe [5misltEu] n. 槲寄生，一種歐亞寄生灌木 o dodder [5dCdE] n. 菟絲子 o sunscald [5sQnskR:ld] n. 日灼病 o drought injury [draut] n. 旱害 o root drowning [ru:t] [5drauniN]n. 根部溺死 o suffocation [7sQfE5keiFEn] n. 窒息 o nutritional [njU:5triFEnEl] a