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【正文】 3 Chapter Outline The Competitive Advantage of Nations Economic Cooperation Levels of Economic Integration Economic and Marketing Implications 4 Basis for International Trade Principle of Absolute Advantage A country should export a modity that can be produced at a lower cost than can other nations Or import a modity that can only be produced at a higher cost than can other nations 5 Basis for International Trade Principle of Comparative/Relative Advantage A country should export either a product with the greatest parative advantage (or with the least parative disadvantage) Or import either a product for which it has the greatest parative disadvantage (or the least parative advantage) 6 Factor Endowment Theory Factor of Production Labor Land Capital Others (technology, educations, etc.) Ineruality of relative prices is a function of regional factor endowments Comparative advantage is determined by relative abundance of such endowments 7 Michael Porter The Competitive Advantage of Nations Determinants of International Competitiveness Factor conditions Demand conditions Related and supporting industries Firm strategy, structure and rivalry Chance Government 8 全球貿(mào)易自由化 (WTO目標(biāo) ) WTO多邊 談判 (全球經(jīng)濟(jì)整合 ) 雙邊或區(qū)域自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定 (區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)整合 ) Economic Cooperation 一、 WTO體制與區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)整合 9 WTO體制之 多邊 談判 GATT/WTO 會(huì)員數(shù) 歷次回合情形 148 123 99 60 45 34 34 33 23 0 50 100 150 200 202204 杜哈回合 198693 烏拉圭回合 197379 東京回合 196467 甘迺迪回合 196061 狄侖回合 1956 日內(nèi)瓦回合 1950 多哥回合 1949 安西回合 1947 日內(nèi)瓦回合 1995 WTO成立 Economic Cooperation 10 區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)整合興起原因與規(guī)範(fàn) WTO多邊貿(mào)易體制亦存在談判費(fèi)時(shí)、進(jìn)展緩慢等缺失，因此，許多國(guó)家除遵循 WTO相關(guān)規(guī)範(fàn)外，亦各自發(fā)展區(qū)域經(jīng)濟(jì)整合或雙邊貿(mào)易協(xié)定 。 透過(guò)簽訂區(qū)域貿(mào)易協(xié)定 (Regional Trade Agreement， RTA)從事貿(mào)易自由化及經(jīng)濟(jì)整合之活動(dòng)，使區(qū)域內(nèi)貿(mào)易自由化程度較區(qū)域外為高。 WTO對(duì) RTA之規(guī)範(fàn)包括： (1) 關(guān)稅暨貿(mào)易總協(xié)定 (GATT)第 24條； (2) 服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定 (GATS)第 5條； (3) 授權(quán)條款(Enabling Clause)等。 (二 )型態(tài)： 依整合程度不同可分下列 4種 (1)自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定 (FTA,Free Trade Agreement) (2)關(guān)稅同盟 (Customs Union) (3)共同市場(chǎng) (Common Market) (4)經(jīng)濟(jì)同盟 (Economic Union) Economic Co
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